海上风电制氢技术现状与发展趋势

Present status and developing trend of offshore wind-to-hydrogen technology

氢能应用广泛,具有能源与脱碳“双载体”属性,被认为能源转型、工业及交通领域深度脱碳的关键路径。海上风电制氢靠近氢气消费中心,是支撑海上风电走向深远海的重要技术,也是重要的绿氢来源。本文围绕海上风电制氢各环节的技术、方式、产品方案以及成本,对比了碱性、质子交换膜、固体氧化物和固体聚合物阴离子交换膜4种电解水制氢技术,认为质子交换膜电解水技术更适合海上风电制氢;对比分析了海上风电制氢模式,认为海上风电并网陆上制氢是主流的电解槽布置方式,而离网海上中心平台制氢具有较大发展潜力;天然气管道掺氢是更具可行性的海上氢气储运方式但也存在挑战;电耗和电解槽投资是海上风电制氢的主要成本构成,预测海上风电发电成本、电解槽制造成本以及碳价格将共同推动海上风电制氢成本的逐步下降。本文研究成果可为海上风电制氢技术开发与示范应用提供思路和参考。

Hydrogen is widely used and has the "double carrier" attribute of energy and decarbonization. The development of hydrogen is considered to be the critical path for energy transformation and deep decarbonization in industry and transportation. Offshore wind-to-hydrogen is close to the hydrogen consumption center, which is an important technology to expand offshore wind power to the far sea, as well as an important source of green hydrogen. In this paper, four kinds of electrolytic water hydrogen production technologies including alkaline, proton exchange membrane, solid oxide and solid polymer anion exchange membrane technologies were compared based on the technology, mode, product scheme and cost of offshore wind-to-hydrogen. It is considered that the proton exchange membrane electrolytic water hydrogen production technology is more suitable for offshore wind-to-hydrogen. The offshore wind-to-hydrogen modes are compared and analyzed. It is considered that offshore wind power with onshore grid connection for hydrogen production is the main arrangement mode of electrolyzer, while platform hydrogen production by off-grid offshore wind power has great development potential. Hydrogen blending in natural gas pipeline is a more feasible way of offshore hydrogen storage and transportation, but it still faces challenges. Electricity consumption and electrolyzer investment are the main cost components of offshore wind-to-hydrogen. It is predicted that offshore wind power generation cost, electrolyzer manufacturing cost and carbon price will jointly promote the gradual cost reduction of offshore wind-to-hydrogen. The research results of this paper can provide ideas and references for the development, demonstration and application of offshore wind-to-hydrogen technology.