熟练行为与专长:基于“习惯”的现象学考察

Skilled Actions and Expertise:Phenomenological Investigation Based on“Habit”

在对熟练行为与专长的研究中,习惯主义者认为专家投入一种沉浸式应对,反思性介入会影响技能和专长发挥,而理智主义者认为心智的反思性控制对于提升技能和专长必不可少。经验研究表明这两种观点往往相互交织,并构成一个连续的谱系。“心智性反思控制”和“身体性的自动性”的二元论无法解决“动态界面问题”。在此二元对立之间存在着一个广阔的、尚未充分发掘的领域,即习惯领域。立足于对习惯的有机主义和现象学解释,尤其是基于梅洛-庞蒂的心身辩证法,可以发展出一种奠基于身体自动性之上,但同时又具有内在智能性的习惯概念,这种习惯概念可以阐明熟练行为与专长的本质特征。

In the study of skilled actions and expertise,habitualist holds that experts engage in absorbed coping,and reflection will affect the performance of skills and expertise.Intellectualist believes that reflective control of the mind is essential to improve skills and expertise.However,empirical research shows that these two views are often intertwined and form a continuous pedigree.The dualism of“mental reflectively control”and“bodily automation”cannot solve the“dynamic interface problem”.In between lies a vast and underexplored field called the realm of habit.Based on the organic interpretation and phenomenological study of habit,especially based on Merleau-Ponty’s psychosomatic dialectics,we can develop a concept of habit that is based on the automaticity of the body,but also has inherent intelligence.It can clarify the essential characteristics of skilled actions and expertise.