基础教育减负政策的制度轮廓与规制特征

Institutional Outline and Regulatory Characteristics of the Policy of Reducing the Basic Education Burden

多年来国家层面出台了一系列基础教育减负政策,但是中小学生依然饱受学业压力困扰,现实状况与政策愿景之间的鸿沟尚未完全消解。描绘我国基础教育减负政策的规制样态,是科学解释政策效用与优化政策的前提。运用制度语法工具并借助制度分析与发展框架对基础教育减负政策文本进行编码、解构和分析发现,基础教育减负政策围绕以政府为主体的集体选择层次,以学校、校外培训机构和家庭为主体的操作层次开展制度设计,具有不同层次主体的行动场景已界定、跨层次的联结嵌套共治格局已形成、集体选择层次的规制表达较为弱化、操作层次的信息反馈渠道遭遇阻塞、集体选择层次的奖惩激励措施分配失衡等规制特征。针对上述特征,未来可以从明确学生家长的主体责任、增加政策文本中的规则型制度陈述、健全操作层次的信息反馈渠道、补充面向操作层次的正向激励措施等方面强化减负政策的规制效力。

Over the years,a series of policies have been introduced at the national level to reduce the burden of basic education,but the students are still plagued by academic pressure,and the gap between the real situation and the policy vision has not been completely dissolved.Depicting the regulatory model of the Chinese basic education burden reduction policies is a prerequisite for scientific interpretation and optimization.Using the tools of institutional syntax and the framework of institutional analysis and development to code,deconstruct and analyze the texts of the burden reduction policies,we find that they are designed around the collective choice level such as the government,and the operational level such as the schools,out-of-school training institutions and families,with the action scenarios of subjects at different levels defined,the nested pattern of cross-level linkage formed,the rules expression of the collective choice level weakened,the information feedback channels at the operational level blocked and the distribution of incentive measures at the collective choice level unbalanced.In view of the above characteristics,the regulatory effectiveness can be strengthened by clarifying the main responsibilities of students’parents,increasing the number of rule-based institutional statements,improving the channels for upward feedback,and supplementing the positive incentives.