论技术标准对合同的作用

On the Function of Technical Standard to Contract

标准是规定技术要求的规范性文件,对合同效力、合同解释以及漏洞填补方面影响巨大。首先,因未达强制性标准而导致的合同无效并不是违反法律的强制性规定,而是对公序良俗的违反,故应依《民法典》第一百五十三条第二款否认其效力;其次,标准是业界对技术要求经协商一致而达成的共识,具有权威性、普适性以及统一性,可通过扩大解释交易习惯而使术语标准成为确认双方当事人合同解释的方法,这样,技术标准就可以通过《民法典》第一百四十二条中的习惯作为合同解释的依据;最后,《民法典》第五百一十一条规定的合同质量漏洞填补规则具有指向性明确、递进式适用的特点,不同于比较法上的“中等品质”,形成了与我国标准化体系相适配、独具有中国特色的合同质量漏洞填补规则。

Standards are normative documents that stipulate technical requirements,which has a great impact on contract effectiveness,contract interpretation and loophole filling.Firstly,the invalidity of a contract without reaching the mandatory standards is a violation of public order and good custom rather than a violation of legal mandatory provisions,so the contract should be invalidated according to Article 153(2)of the Civil Code.Secondly,standards are the consensus on the technical requirements reached by the industry through consultation,which are authoritative,universal and unified,and can be interpreted as the custom in Article 142 of the Civil Code to support the interpretation of the contract by amplified interpretation of transaction practices.Finally,the contract quality loophole filling rule stipulated in Article 511 of the Civil Code has the characteristics of explicit directivity and progressive application,which is different from the“medium quality”in comparative law,and forms the contract quality loophole filling rule which is compatible with our standardization system and with unique Chinese characteristics.