主体性的当代困境与人民主体论的重建逻辑

The Contemporary Dilemma of Subjectivity and The Reconstruction Logic of People’s Subjectivity

对现代性的批判无不伴随着“消解主体性”“超越主体性”“主体性的黄昏”等声音,人的主体性的发展在当代进入了困境。究其原因,近代以来的主体性哲学的理论偏谬在于世界观上的唯心主义、价值观上的个人主义、历史观上的主观主义。由马克思发端并深植于当代中国的人民主体论为突破近代主体性哲学的局限并重建当代人的主体性提供了可能路径。人民主体的客观性、人民主体的能动性、人民主体的社会性构成了其中的理论逻辑;主体个性的社会差异、主体自由的内在需求、主体能力的全面发展构成了其中的价值逻辑;以主体的生命活动为基础的个人史,以主体的生产活动为基础的世界史、以主体的创造活动为基础的人类史构成了其中的历史逻辑。

The criticism of modernity is accompanied by the voices of "dispelling subjectivity", "surpassing subjectivity" and "the dusk of subjectivity", and the development of subjectivity is hindered in the contemporary era. The reason is that the subjectivity philosophy has fallen into a historical dilemma since modern times. The theoretical fallacy of subjectivity philosophy lies in idealism in world outlook, individualism in values and subjectivism in historical outlook. The theory of people’s subjectivity originated by Marx and deeply rooted in contemporary China provides a possible way to break through this dilemma and rebuild subjectivity. The theory of people’s subjectivity reconstructs the philosophy of subjectivity from three levels: theoretical logic, value logic and historical logic. The theoretical logic is to answer the question of why the people as the main body is possible. It unfolds as follows: the objectivity of the people’s main body, the initiative of the people’s main body, and the sociality of the people’s main body. The social difference of subject’s personality, the internal demand of subject’s freedom and the all-round development of subject’s ability constitute the value logic. The personal history based on the subject’s life activities, the world history based on the subject’s production activities and the human history based on the subject’s creative activities constitute the historical logic.