不同播期对冬小麦生长发育与产量及土壤水分的影响

Effects of Different Sowing Dates on Growing Development and Yield of Winter Wheat and Soil Moisture

【目的】探明华北平原东南部地区冬小麦的适宜播期,为冬小麦的高产栽培提供科学依据。【方法】以徐麦33号为研究对象,采用田间试验方法,研究9月30日(传统播期)、10月10日、10月20日和10月30日4个播期对冬小麦生长发育、干物质累积、产量及土壤含水率的影响。【结果】不同播期对冬小麦的生长发育、生物生长量、土壤含水率及产量的影响不同。不同时期播种冬小麦均能完成完整的生育进程,随播期推迟,冬小麦的生长发育进程呈加快趋势。分蘖前,冬小麦生长速度依次为9月30日>10月10日>10月20日>10月30日,分蘖后,各播期生育进程逐渐趋于一致。迟播会抑制叶面积指数的增长,推迟越久抑制作用越明显,拔节期和乳熟期的叶面积指数均依次为9月30日>10月10日>10月20日>10月30日。播期差异对拔节期小麦干物质累积影响最大,10月10日、10月20日和10月30日播种的干物质总量分别较9月30日降低18.6%、37.9%和59.7%;成熟期穗重以10月30日最大,为22.10 g,分别较9月30日、10月10日和10月20日增加2.16 g、1.62 g和1.86 g。不同播期土壤含水率随生育时期总体呈下降趋势;不同土层的土壤平均含水率为22.0%~22.4%,依次为10月10日=10月20日>10月30日>9月30日。不同播期冬小麦产量为403.06~595.65 kg/667m^(2),以10月10日最高(595.65 kg/667m^(2)),10月20日次之(586.05 kg/667m^(2)),分别较9月30日提高3.59%和1.93%,表明播期推迟10~20 d,有利于提高冬小麦产量;10月30日产量最低(403.06 kg/667m^(2)),较9月30日降低42.63%,表明过度推迟播期(30 d),冬小麦减产较为明显。【结论】适当推迟冬小麦播期,有利于提高产量,保持作物土壤含水率,冬小麦徐麦33号在华北平原东南部地区的适宜播期为10月10—20日。

【Objective】The suitable sowing date of winter wheat in southeast area of the North China Plain is explored to provide the scientific basis for the high-yielding cultivation of winter wheat.【Method】The effects of four sowing dates of September 30(conventional sowing date),October 10,October 20 and October 30 on the growing development,dry matter accumulation and yield of Xumai 33 and soil moisture content are studied by using field experiment method.【Result】Different sowing dates have different effects on growing development,biological increment and yield of winter wheat and soil moisture content.The whole growth process of winter wheat could be completed at different sowing periods.With the delay of sowing date,the growth and development of winter wheat shows an accelerating tendency.Before tillering,the growth rate of winter wheat at different sowing dates follows September 30>October 10>October 20>October 30.After tillering,the growth process of each sowing date gradually tends to be consistent.Late sowing could inhibit the growth of leaf area index,and the longer the delay,the more obvious the inhibition effect is.The leaf area index at jointing stage and milking stage follows September 30>October 10>October 20>October 30.The differences in sowing dates have the greatest influence on dry matter accumulation of wheat at jointing stage.Total dry matters of wheat sowing on October 10,October 20 and October 30 is decreased by 18.6%,37.9%and 59.7%than that sowing on September 30.The spike weight at maturity stage is the highest sowing on October 30(22.10 g),which is increased by 2.16 g,1.62 g and 1.86 g than that sowing on September 30,October 10 and October 20.The soil moisture content of different sowing dates decreases with the growth period;The average soil moisture content of different soil layers is 22.0%~22.4%,following October 10=October 20>October 30>September 30.The yield of winter wheat with different sowing dates is 403.06~595.65 kg/667m^(2),and yield in October 10 is the highest(595.65 kg/667m^(2)),followed by yield in October 20(586.05 kg/667m^(2)),which is 3.59%and 1.93%higher than that in September 30 respectively,indicating that the sowing date is delayed by 10~20 days,which is beneficial to the increase of winter wheat yield;The yield in October 30 is the lowest(403.06 kg/667m^(2)),which is 42.63%lower than that in September 30,indicating that the excessive delay of sowing date(30 d)results in a significant decrease in winter wheat yield.【Conclusion】Appropriately delaying the sowing date of winter wheat is conducive to improving the yield of winter wheat and maintaining the soil moisture content of crop.The suitable sowing date of winter wheat Xumai 33 is from October 10 to October 20 in the southeast area of the North China Plain.