论单边跨境数据调取中的管辖权冲突

The Conflict of Jurisdiction in Unilateral Crossborder Data Access

在数字时代,各国政府都有跨境调取数据的执法需要,然而,绕过数据存储地国同意的单边跨境数据调取引发了数据调取国和数据存储地国之间的管辖权冲突。分析单边跨境数据调取在国际法上合法与否的关键在于:在立法管辖层面数据调取国是否对境外数据具有国际法上接受的真正联系,在执法管辖层面跨境调取数据的执法行为是否归属于域外执法。国际礼让原则等解决管辖权冲突的单边途径对于解决单边跨境数据调取管辖权冲突作用有限,构建跨境数据调取的多边合作机制是解决问题的根本途径。中国在外交场合中历来坚持尊重他国数据主权的基本立场,我国应当积极参与联合国打击网络犯罪公约谈判,在公约中构建协调跨境数据调取管辖权冲突的多边规则。

In this digital age,governments over the world have the need of accessing data abroad.However,the unilateral crossborder data access bypassing the state where the data is stored leads to the conflict of jurisdiction between the state where the data is accessed and the state where the data is stored.The key to analyzing the legality of unilateral crossborder data access in international law is:whether the data retrieval state has real connection recognized by international law with overseas data at the level of legislative jurisdiction,and whether the enforcement behavior of crossborder data access is affiliated to extraterritorial enforcement at the level of jurisdiction to enforce.Unilateral approaches to resolve conflict of jurisdiction,such as the principle of international comity,are of limited use in resolving conflict of jurisdiction in unilateral crossborder data access.Building a multilateral cooperation mechanism for crossborder data access is the fundamental way to solve the problem.China has consistently adhered to the basic position of respecting data sovereignty of other states.China should take an active part in the negotiation of the United Nations convention on cybercrime and establish multilateral rules for coordinating conflict of jurisdiction in crossborder data access.