从科学研究向职业训练延伸:美国农业教育推广运动研究(1903—1917年)

From Research to Career: The American Agricultural Education Extension Movement (1903-1917)

为打破农业教育与大众的壁垒,应对自然灾害与经济转型,在高校农业科研基础上,美国于20世纪早期开展了农业教育推广运动,力求农业教育在大众间交流传播。分析该运动发展历程的目的在于揭示美国农业教育职能从科学研究向职业培训的延伸,为我国职业型农业教育的高质量发展提供经验参考与历史性反思。在美国农业教育推广运动中,农业教育职能的延伸具体表现为教育阵地拓展、教育内容丰富、教育体系完善三个方面。农业教育职能的延伸主要得益于科学推广与实际生产相结合、校外教育与农村生活相契合。虽然学校教育变革未能与农村社会传统相适应为农业教育职能的延伸带来了挑战,但也有助于反思如何在推广中尊重农村居民诉求,维系乡村学校的传统社会功能,以及保证乡村青少年获得多元的职业发展机会,以实现农业教育与乡村发展的共赢。

In order to break the barrier between agricultural education and the general public and to cope with natural disasters and economic transformation, the agricultural education extension movement was launched in America in the early 20th century on the basis of agricultural scientific research in colleges and universities. The analysis of the development of this movement helps to reveal the extension of the function of agricultural education from scientific research to vocational training in the United States. In the agricultural education and extension movement, the extension of agricultural education functions is manifested in the expansion of educational positions, the enrichment of educational contents and the improvement of the educational system. Such extension is mainly due to the combination of scientific extension and actual production, and the compatibility of out-of-school education with rural life. But how to adapt educational changes to the traditions of rural society also poses challenges for the extension.