克里考特对大地伦理思想的修正发展及生态文明启示

Callicott’s Revision and Development of Land Ethics and Enlightenment of Ecological Civilization

利奥波德的大地伦理思想以整体主义为主要构建原则,将人与自然视为一个紧密的有机整体,主张将道德关怀的范围扩展到一切存在物,试图寻求人与自然理想的共存模式。但由于其过分强调整体的优先性忽视个体存在的价值,使大地伦理思想的发展陷入困境。克里考特在继承利奥波德大地伦理主要思想的同时,深入思考了其困境的来源,提出两条二阶模式对利奥波德受到的“环境法西斯主义”的质疑进行辩护。克里考特将“生态系统健康”作为大地伦理学的实践判据并通过“生物圈保护模式”进行实践论证,丰富发展了大地伦理思想。研究探讨这些现代西方的环境伦理观点对我国当前的环境保护和生态文明建设具有一定的借鉴意义。

Leopold’s land ethics thought takes holism as the main construction principle, regards man and nature as a close organic whole, advocates extending the scope of moral care to all beings, and tries to seek the ideal coexistence mode of man and nature. However, because it overemphasizes the priority of the whole and neglects the value of individual existence, it is questioned by some opponents, which makes the development of land ethics in trouble. While inheriting the main idea of Leopold’s land ethics, Callicott deeply thought about the source of his predicament, and put forward two second-order models to defend Leopold’s challenge of "environmental fascism". Callicott took "ecosystem health" as the practical criterion of earth ethics and demonstrated it through "biosphere protection model", which enriched and developed the land ethics thought. Studying these modern western environmental ethics views is of certain reference significance to China’s current environmental protection and ecological civilization construction.