数字时代刑事正当程序的重构:一种技术性程序正义理论

Reconstruction of Criminal Due Process in Digital Age: A Theory of Technical Procedural Justice

人工智能等数字技术在中国刑事司法领域的广泛适用正在冲击并重塑司法的实践面孔。面对数字化、智能化的司法实践,传统的对抗性程序正义理论以及协商性程序正义理论在适用场域、规制主体、程序运作和结果评价等方面已经不具有完全的解释力。技术性程序正义作为对数字技术融入刑事司法程序的过程和结果进行价值评价的基本标准,包括“排出偏见”“充分参与”“程序对等”“程序合理”“问责有效”五项基本要素,旨在对司法数据和算法的透明性以及系统开发过程中的共同体参与、机器学习及智能系统的合理解释与规制提供框架。技术性程序正义立基于人的主体性和尊严理论、司法公信力理论和分布式道德责任之上。技术性程序正义全面挑战了传统程序正义理论,但二者有各自适用的空间和边界。为了接近技术性程序正义,司法机关需要对数字技术融入刑事司法的开发机制、备案机制和检验机制进行配套改革。

The extensive application of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence in the field of criminal justice in China is impacting and reshaping the face of judicial practice. In the face of digitalized and intelligent judicial practice, the traditional “adversarial procedural justice theory” and “consultative procedural justice theory” have no full explanatory power in terms of applicable field, regulatory subject, procedure operation and result evaluation. The “technical procedural justice” refers to the basic criteria for evaluating the value of the process and results of integrating digital technology into criminal justice procedures. Technical procedural justice includes five basic elements of “eliminating prejudice”, “full participation”, “procedural equivalence”, “reasonable procedures” and “effective accountability”, which aims to provide a framework for the transparency of judicial data and algorithms, as well as the reasonable interpretation and regulation of community participation, machine learning and intelligent systems in the process of system development. Technical procedural justice is based on the theory of human subjectivity and dignity, the theory of judicial credibility and distributed moral responsibility. Technical procedural justice challenges the traditional theory of procedural justice in an all-round way, but they have their own applicable space and boundaries. In order to approach technical procedural justice, it is also necessary to integrate digital technology into the development mechanism, filing mechanism and inspection mechanism of criminal justice for supporting reform.