数字治理的刑法介入模式——以电信网络诈骗的治理变革为例

Intervention Model of Criminal Law for Digital Governance——From the Governance Reform of Telecom Network Fraud

中国网络犯罪治理大转型的“波兰尼时刻”已经到来。电信网络诈骗治理实践由直接的国家管控到间接的平台治理、由控制数字技术到净化数字生态、由单一的刑罚制裁到多元的部门法合作,驱动着网络犯罪治理从事后治理迈入数字治理阶段。刑法介入网络犯罪治理的核心问题也由规制范围的选择转变为与数字治理的不匹配,这一问题难以通过积极、消极抑或折中的法律内部视角解决,而是要在法律与治理的互动关系中探索更具数字化、更具想象力的答案:刑法应以间接治理的介入思维取代对网络平台犯罪预防义务的直接审查,重点评价网络平台作为市场主体对公共义务的实质性履行;突破一律从严或一概从宽的泛化惩处思路,根据电信网络诈骗及其关联犯罪的数字化特征,确立更富针对性的评价尺度;超越刑法规制抑或行政规制的部门法分立视角,以部门法合作规制的新思维探索刑事法律责任与行政法律责任的协同作业模式。

The “Polanyian Moment” has arrived for a great transformation of cybercrime governance in China. Taking the governance of telecom network fraud as an example, digital governance has moved from direct control to mediate platform supervision, from controlling technology to purifying digital ecology, and from single penal sanction to law cooperation. China’s governance of cybercrime has entered digital age from the reactive stage. The core problem of criminal law’s involvement has also changed from the choice of regulatory scope to a mismatch with digital governance, which is difficult to solve through a positive, negative or mediocre perspective within the law. Instead, it is necessary to find digital and imaginative answers in the interactive relationship between law and governance. Criminal law should replace the direct control with mediate governance for platform’s crime prevention obligations, and evaluate platform’s substantive performance in order to strengthen the public roles of market subjects;break through the generalized punishment concept of strict or lenient, and establish a pertinent scale according to the digital characteristics of telecom network fraud and related crimes;transcend the separation perspectives of criminal law or administrative regulation, and explore the synergistic operation mode of criminal responsibility and administrative responsibility with the cooperative regulation.