董仲舒求雨止雨祝辞中“情”与“理”的张力分析

Analysis of“Emotion”and“Reason”in Dong Zhongshu’s Prayers for Seeking Rain and Stopping Rain

董仲舒请雨、止雨祝辞中既强调天道阴阳原理,又渗透着人之为人的性情、意志与精神,从中可以揭示出天人互动的内在机制。董仲舒要求“择巫之洁清辩言利辞者以为祝”,以虔诚、恭敬之心去感化天。《请雨祝》《止雨祝》超越了商汤祷辞中鬼神崇拜与血腥残忍的蒙昧面向,以“开阴闭阳”“开阳而闭阴”的天人感应原理来实施求雨、止雨之术,更趋于理性化和人文化。“以身度天”是人通达天的独特体认方法,人们以人之本能欲求与情绪好恶去揣度天,人喜爱美食好酒,天、神也应如此,故祝辞中强调敬进“清酒”“膊脯”“肥牲”的人间上等食物,使用叹词来引发天与人的情感共鸣,以劝诱上天达成人们的祈愿。《止雨祝》严正强调“无使阴灭阳”,阳尊于阴,阴不可凌阳,借此以申明天意,表达人对天的绝对遵从与崇高敬意。人与神灵沟通的动力源于其对天道的理性认识与坚定信念。

Dong Zhongshu’s prayers for seeking rain and stopping rain have not only emphasized the principle of Yin and Yang but also permeated the human nature,the will and spirit of human beings,having revealed the inner mechanism of the interaction between heaven and man.Dong Zhongshu insisted that“the witch,who should be pure,clean and eloquent,be chosen for the benediction”to move the heaven with a pieous and respectful heart.Prayer for Seeking Rain and Prayer for Stopping Rain have transcended the ignorance of ghost worship and bloody cruelty of the founder of the Shang Dynasty,Tang’s prayer for rain,and implemented the art of seeking rain and stopping rain by the principle of“opening Yin and closing Yang”and“opening Yang while closing Yin”,which was more rationalized and humanized.People used their instinctive desires and emotions to judge the heaven,so people thought that they liked food and wine,and heaven and God should also do the same.Therefore,the prayers for seeking rain and stopping rain were focused on the use of the finest drinks and foods on earth,such as fine rice wine,dried meat,stout livestock,etc.,and the use of exclamations to evoke the emotional resonance between heaven and man in order to persuade heaven to fulfill people’s prayers.Prayer for Stopping Rain has strictly emphasized that“Yin cannot destroy Yang”,that Yang is honored over Yin,and that Yin cannot override Yang,thus manifesting the will of heaven and expressing man’s absolute obedience and high respect for heaven.The motivation for human beings to communicate with the gods stems from their rational understanding and firm belief in the way of heaven.