企业公开数据权益保护的复合路径——基于数据形态进化的可能选择

Compound Approach to the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Enterprise Public Data:Possible Choice on the Basis of the Evolution of Data Type

在立法未对企业公开数据权属作出明确规定的条件下,我国法院通过司法实践,开启了企业公开数据权益保护路径的探索之旅:从著作权法路径出发,到竞争法路径的选择,再到竞争法路径的偏离。以企业公开数据财产权益受损来论证竞争行为的不正当性,说明单一的竞争法路径已经不能适应企业公开数据权益保护的客观需要。竞争法路径偏离的底层逻辑是数据形态的进化,根据以算法技术为依托的数据形成机理,进化中的企业公开数据形态可以被类型化识别为原始数据、数据集合和数据产品三种类型。原始数据尚不具备资源性价值,权利与利益区分保护理论不仅为企业公开数据权益的分类保护提供了理论解释,而且为这一分类保护指明了竞争法和权利法的复合路径:对“数据集合”仍延续竞争法路径进行辐射性利益保护;在可权利化的“数据产品”类型之上,建构有限财产权予以保护。

Under the condition that the legislation has not made clear provisions on the ownership of enterprise public data,Chinese courts have started the exploration journey of the approach to the protection of the rights and interests of enterprise public data through judicial practice:Starting from the approach of the Copyright Law,to the choice of the approach of the Competition Law,and then to the deviation of the Competition Law.The non-legitimacy of competitive behavior is demonstrated by the damage to the property rights and interests of enterprise public data,which shows that the single approach of the Competition Law can not meet the objec-tive needs of the protection of the rights and interests of enterprise public data.The underlying logic of the ap-proach deviation of the Competition Law is the evolution of data type.According to the data formation mecha-nism based on algorithm technology,types of enterprise public data in evolution can be classified into three:original data,data set,and data product.Original data is not yet of resource value.The differentiation for rights and interests not only provides a theoretical explanation for the classified protection of the rights and interests of enterprise public data,but also points out a compound approach of the Competition Law and Law of Rights for such a classifed protection:The interests of"data set"is protected radially,which still follows the approach of the Competition Law;On the basis of the type of“data product”that can be entitled to rights,limited property rights are constructed to protect it.