论民事诉讼管辖恒定原则

Study on the Principle of Perpetuatio Fori

民事诉讼管辖恒定原则指的是受诉法院对案件在标准时上具有管辖权,该案件的管辖权与管辖原因相对脱钩,原则上恒定或固定于受诉法院。在我国,确定管辖权以“受理时”作为标准时,根据被告回应的不同具有不同的确定方式。在管辖恒定原则的作用下,受诉法院在地域管辖的意义上对案件确定有管辖权,不因作为管辖原因之当事人的“退出”、诉讼请求的变更而丧失管辖权;受诉法院在级别管辖的意义上对案件确定有管辖权的,不因当事人增加、变更、撤回诉讼请求或提出反诉而丧失管辖权,即使诉讼标的额已超过或未达到其管辖标准。在中观层面,管辖恒定原则是管辖规范体系化建构的基石。在宏观层面,管辖恒定原则对于中国这一单一制国家的有效治理亦有特殊意义。

The principle of perpetuatio fori stipulates that a court with jurisdiction on the standard time remains competent, even if the facts establishing jurisdiction change later so that another court would now have jurisdiction. In China, the time of case acceptance is taken as the standard time and different ways are used to determine jurisdiction issue in the light of defendant’s response. According to the principle of perpetuatio fori, if the court determines that it has regional jurisdiction over a case, it will be competent no matter whether the defendant as the basis for jurisdiction has been withdrawn or the claim has been changed by the plaintiff;if the court determines that it has hierarchical jurisdiction over a case, it will be competent although the parties increase, change, withdraw their claims or raise counterclaims, even if the amount of the subject matter of the case has exceeded or failed to meet its hierarchical jurisdiction criterion. From the macro level, the principle of perpetuatio fori is the cornerstone of the systematic construction of jurisdiction rules. At the macro level, the principle of perpetuatio fori is also of special significance to the effective governance of China which is with unitary system.