生生不已的板凳龙:用仪式设计塑造中国本土的树葬模式

Bench Dragon Ever-living:Using Ritual Design to Shape the Localized Mode of Tree Burial in China

尽管树葬传统已有多年历史,但在中国社会的普及度仍然不高,其原因在于树葬所蕴含的生态伦理尚未被公众完全接纳,其实践形式尚未完成本土化的进程。本文提出中国本土化的树葬活动需要放置在区域城乡关系中考量,并将祭扫活动与乡村地区传统仪式的更新相结合,从而吸引城市居民的参与。本文所选取的场地安徽省右龙村位于新安江源头,这一水源地区位优势可吸引下游城市居民到此游访。以当地的“板凳龙”仪式为例,本文通过分析其现有的仪式环节、空间节点和意义指涉,从而梳理得出其仪式结构。以此为参照,本文的提案设计了“板凳龙”仪式在清明节的主要环节和行进路线,并提出三个策略:1)扩大仪式路线的范围至周边的茶园;2)改变仪式队伍的行进方向与组织方式;3)公平对待来自本土与异乡的所有逝者。原本以生产为主的场地由于仪式场合的周期性出现而衍生为独特的仪式性场所,并由此引领村外树葬场所的营造。在伦理学上,可持续的设计理念拓展了原本单一的仪式内涵,使其从求雨祈福延伸到哲学层面更为深刻的“生生”理念,为传统的生死观作出了现代注解。对场地景观的日常管理可以与当地产业相结合,从而在经济上发挥仪式所带来的溢出效应。恰当的仪式设计可以贯通乡村地区生态系统文化服务中条分缕析的评价分类,以具身的形式回应景观的整体性特征。同时在仪式研究的视阈下,设计师不再因循选取“八景”的传统做法,而能以人类学的视角审视乡村的生活与文化,进而回归真实的人地关系。最终,仪式设计有望在伦理迁移的过程中推进树葬文化在中国的本土化改造,促使中国的乡土文化更好地赓续下去。

Although tree burial has been proposed for decades,it is not yet widely accepted in China,mainly due to the lack of recognition of its embedded ecological ethics and the not fully localized practice.The article suggests that localizing tree burial activities in China should consider regional urban-rural relationship and combine tomb-sweeping activities with the renewal of local traditional ceremonies in rural areas,thus engaging urban residents.The site selected in this article,Youlong Village of Anhui Province,is located at the origin of the Xin’an River,which is an endowed advantage to attract downstream urban residents.Taking the Bench Dragon as the case study subject,the article analyzes its existing ritual sections and spatial nodes to sort out its ritual structure.Based on this analysis,the article proposes a design of the ritual sections and the marching route of the Bench Dragon for the Chinese Tomb-sweeping Festival,guiding the place-making of tree burial sites and the development of daily management strategies for the ritual landscape.Appropriate ritual design in rural areas can help perforate the evaluation items in strictly categorized cultural ecosystem services,which,through embodiment,calls for a holistic landscape experience.Additionally,ritual design is supposed to activate the potential aesthetic value in the countryside today,while the ecological ethics it carries may also introduce new meanings to the traditional view of life and death in Chinese culture,ultimately opening a new horizon for contemporary rural construction.