印度人民党何以成功:从侍从主义到民粹主义

Why Did the BJP Succeed:From Clientelism to Populism

近年来,印度人民党(Bharatiya Janata Party,BJP)的强势崛起与印度崛起一样备受国际社会关注。BJP的选举成功主要得益于其对低种姓和贫困阶层选民的成功吸引。然而,BJP与这些选民群体的意识形态、政策主张、利益诉求不完全一致。尽管BJP大选获胜得益于意识形态的调整、选举策略的改进、领导人的个人魅力以及基层工作的开展等因素,但从政党-选民关系演变的角度看,最重要的是BJP抓住了印度政治的特性,成功构建了一种可称为“民粹型”的政党-选民关系。在此关系中,BJP不仅与基层选民建立了直接联系,还利用领袖的个人魅力与福利分配来换取选票,同时灵活应用印度教民族主义的民粹话语开展政治动员,进而获得了更多选民支持。

In recent years,the powerful rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)has attracted as much international attention as the rise of India.The BJP’s electoral success was largely due to its success in appealing to lower-caste and impoverished voters.However,the BJP’s ideology and policies are not completely in accordance with the identity and interests of these voters.The expansion of BJP’s voter base is due to a variety of factors,such as ideological adjustment,improvement of election strategy,the charisma of leaders and grassroots service work.However,from the perspective of the evolution of party-voter linkages,the most significant reason is that the BJP has successfully constructed populist party-voter linkages.Under such a pattern of party-voter linkages,the BJP established direct contact with grassroots voters,used the charisma of party leaders to make welfare distribution in exchange for votes more effective and flexibly used populist discourse of Hindu nationalism for political mobilization to realize the expansion of voter base.