中国的消费减排政策演进:2003—2021年

Policy evolution of China’s consumption emission reduction:2003-2021

“双碳”目标导向下,政策工具对于强化公民践行绿色低碳行为、塑造环境公民身份至关重要。该研究旨在运用政策文献量化方法,从政策文献计量和政策内容量化两种研究路径出发,对2003—2021年中国消费减排政策的演进历程进行回溯。在利用社会网络分析法绘制政策热点网络图来展示国家层面消费减排政策体系全貌后,该研究基于政策文本内容,提炼出消费减排政策的引导型、激励型和约束型三种政策工具及对应的11项减排抓手,并据此构建适用领域-工具类型的二维分析框架探究不同时期消费减排政策演变的内在逻辑和发展脉络。研究发现:①2003—2021年国家层面政策的出台数量和高效力政策呈同向变化且数量变化波动较大,居民消费减排的战略地位有待进一步提高。②“节约资源”位于政策网络的中心,是当前整个消费减排政策体系的重要抓手。另外,借助模块化聚类发现当前政策目标分为“能源节约践行”“绿色消费培育”“生活方式转变”“思想意识引导”4类及围绕目标展开的具体政策工具网络群,但政策网络规模存在明显差异,围绕“绿色消费培育”目标的政策体系仍在建设中。③借助二维分析框架,对起步期、发展期、夯实期、深化期4个阶段进行分析,发现不同阶段政策焦点的转变契合时代发展、科技进步的现实需要。但政策工具使用比例失衡、宣传型工具比重大、政策减排目标过于集中的事实表明,今后,政府在巩固深化期成果,完善现有政策体系的同时,应进一步强化制度供给,提升消费减排战略地位,不断保优补劣,将减排抓手由靶向聚焦向均衡化转变,调整政策工具比重,平衡政策体系结构。

To achieve the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality on time,policy tools are essential to reinforce citizens’practices of green and low-carbon behaviors and shape environmental citizenship.This study aimed to retrace the evolution of China’s consumption reduction policies from 2003 to 2021 by applying a quantitative approach to policy texts,starting from two re⁃search paths:policy literature quantitative analysis and policy content quantification.The social network analysis method was used to map the policy hotspot network to show the full picture of the consumption reduction policy system.This article,based on the content of the policy text,identified three policy tools for guiding,motivating,and binding consumption emission reduction policies and 11 corre⁃sponding emission reduction focuses.The results showed that:①The number of central level policies and high-effectiveness policies changed in the same direction and fluctuated greatly from 2003 to 2021.The strategic position of household consumption emission re⁃duction needed to be further improved.②‘Resource conservation’was located at the core of the policy network and was an important part of the current consumption emission reduction policy system.In addition,with the help of modular cluster analysis,it was found that the existing policy objectives could be divided into four categories:‘energy conservation practice,’‘green consumption cultiva⁃tion,’‘lifestyle change,’and‘ideological guidance.’However,the scale of the policy network varied significantly,and the policy sys⁃tem around the goal of‘green consumption cultivation’is still under construction.With the help of a two-dimensional analysis frame⁃work,the four stages of the start-up period,development period,consolidation period,and deepening period were analyzed.It was found that the change of policy focus at different stages fitted the realistic needs of the development of the times and technological progress.However,it was also found that the proportion of policy tools used was unbalanced,the proportion of publicity tools was significant,and the policy emission reduction targets were too concentrated.Therefore,this article suggests that the government,in the future,should further strengthen the system supply while consolidating the results of the deepening period and improving the existing policy system,enhance the strategic status of consumption emission reduction,continuously protect the best and compensate the worst,shift the focus of emission reduction from a target-focused approach to a balanced one,adjust the proportion of policy tools,and balance the structure of the policy system.