“非常伦理”的道德内涵

The Moral Connotation of“Extraordinary Ethics”

“非常伦理”既与“应当做什么”和“应当如何做”的一般伦理问题相联系,也关乎“日常”与“非常”之辨。“非常伦理”和“日常伦理”都关涉伦理学的一般特点,包括德性与规范之间的统一。以“非常伦理”为关注之点,其意义不仅无法与一般的价值原则和普遍的道德规范相分离,而且涉及这些普遍原则的具体落实。在伦理学上,原则的普遍性和原则的落实,关乎形式与实质的关系问题。不管是日用常行,还是日常生活之外具有不确定性的生活领域,都需以普遍价值原则为引导。判断一种伦理原则的正当与否,不仅需要视其价值意义,而且应当同时关注其正面的价值意义是否得到具体落实。从行为过程和道德规范的互动来看,广义上的行为制约还关乎权力与权利之间的关系。不管是权力还是权利,都既与日用常行相关又超乎日用常行之外。以伦理学为视域,人类不仅需要约束权力,而且应当约束权利。在更广的意义上,“非常伦理”中的“非常”关乎科技领域,“非常伦理”则相应地需要讨论其中的伦理问题。科技活动既与人的日常存在相关,又不限于人的日用常行。通过对人体增强、人工智能的分析,可以更进一步理解“非常伦理”及其意义。

"Extraordinary ethics"is not only related to general ethical issues of "what should be done"and"how should it be done",but also to the debate between"daily life"and"extraordinary activity".First of all,although the"extraordinary"is still somehow related to"daily life",the problem involves the distinction between"extraordinary ethics"and"daily ethics".As the name implies,"daily ethics"mainly refers to behaviors within the scope of daily life,which is consistent with what is commonly referred to as daily necessities.One of its characteristics is that it is relatively stable and repetitive.The"extraordinary ethics that is distinguished from it is beyond daily life and not limited to daily necessities.Its scope includes science and technology,political activities,international relations,etc.Different from the certainty and repetition of daily use,the fields outside daily life are changeable and uncertain,and undoubtedly have some influence on"extraordinary ethics".In the processes of practice beyond daily life,various forces often restrict each other,there are multiple factors that are dfficult to predict,and the behavior correspondingly presents variability and instability.How to restrict relevant behaviors has become a problem that"extraordinary ethics""needs to pay attention to.Both extraordinary ethics and daily ethics are concerned with the general characteristics of ethics,one of which is the expected unity between virtue and norms.Taking"extraordinary ethics"as the focus,its significance not only cannot be separated from general value principles and universal moral norms,but also involves the specific implementation of these universal principles.In ethics,the universality and implementation of principles are related to the relationship between form and substance.Whether it is for daily use or in the fields with uncertainties outside of daily life,it is necessary to take the principle of universal value as a guide.To judge the legitimacy of an ethical principle,we should not only consider its value significance,but also pay attention to whether its positive value significance has been specifically implemented.From the perspective of the interaction between behavior processes and ethics,the behavior restriction in a broad sense also relates to the relationship between power and right,both of which are related to as well as beyond daily necessities.From the perspective of ethics,human beings not only need to restrict power,but also should restrict rights.In this broader sense,the"extraordinary"in"extraordinary ethics"is related to the field of science and technology,and"extraordinary ethics"needs to discuss its ethical issues accordingly.Scientific and technological activities are not only related to people's daily existence,but also not limited to people's daily use.Through the analysis of human enhancement and artificial intelligence,we can further understand"extraordinary ethics""and its significance.