封闭/半封闭空间内气流组织设计理论基础与方法

Theoretical basis and method of airflow organization design in enclosed or semi-enclosed space

暖通空调(heating,ventilation,and air conditioning,HVAC)系统是目前营造健康、舒适封闭/半封闭空间环境的重要手段,但现有HVAC系统不仅能耗高,而且容易引起人体健康问题,比如病态建筑综合征、建筑相关疾病、传染性疾病交叉感染等.上述现象进一步说明由HVAC系统末端形成的室内气流组织(基于传统方法)仍不够完美,存在一定的盲区与不足.为了解决传统HVAC系统末端在设计与使用过程中存在的问题,逆向设计方法应运而生.与传统方法区别最大的是,逆向设计方法可以在每个设计循环确定最优的方向向量,而传统设计方法只能不断试错.为进一步阐明两类方法的差异并促使逆向设计方法不断改进,本文首先阐述了室内环境营造所面临/需要解决的科学问题;其次,对气流组织设计方法的分类及其基本原理进行了详细介绍;然后,通过真实的案例结果展示了两类方法的设计效果.虽然逆向设计方法在室内环境营造领域已取得了较大的进展,但目前的逆向设计方法仍需要理论推演、程序开发和数值求解等过程,在一定程度上阻碍了其推广应用.最后,本文讨论了室内环境营造领域未来可能的发展方向.比如,随着人因工程学、逆向设计方法、数字化设计方法、智能控制等领域的快速发展,室内环境设计与营造将趋向于多样化、智能化、智慧化.

The heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)system is currently an important means to create a healthy and comfortable enclosed or semi-enclosed space environment,but the existing HVAC systems not only consume high energy,but also easily cause human health problems,such as sick building syndrome,building-related diseases,and cross infection of infectious diseases.The above phenomenon further shows that the indoor airflow organization(based on the traditional method)formed by the end of the HVAC system is still not perfect,and there are certain blind spots and deficiencies.To solve the problems existing in the design and use of the end of the traditional HVAC system,the inverse design method came into being.The traditional design method is a process of repeated trial and error,while the inverse design method uses an optimization algorithm to inversely determine the airflow organization form and thermophysical boundary(such as the number,shape,and size of air supply inlets and air supply parameters)that meet the needs or objectives by minimizing the objective function.The biggest difference from traditional methods is that the inverse design method can determine the optimal direction vector in each design cycle,while the traditional design method can only keep trial and error.To further clarify the differences between the two types of methods and promote the continuous improvement of inverse design methods,this paper first expounds the scientific problems faced by or to be solved in the construction of indoor environments.The core problem of indoor environment construction is to determine the appropriate airflow organization form and the key scientific problem behind the difficulty in quickly determining the appropriate airflow organization form is that it is difficult to obtain the analytical solution(essence)of the highly nonlinear N-S equation.Then,the classification of airflow organization design methods and their basic principles are introduced in detail.The design performance of the two types of methods is then demonstrated through real-world case results.Although the inverse design method has made great progress in the field of indoor environment construction,the current inverse design method still requires theoretical deduction,program development,and numerical solution,which hinder its popularization and application to a certain extent.Finally,this paper discusses the possible future development directions in the field of indoor environment construction.For example,with the rapid development of human factors engineering,inverse design methods,digital design methods,intelligent control,and other fields,indoor environment design and creation will tend to be diversified and intelligent.