大口径望远镜镜面视宁度检测方法综述

Review on the measurement methods of mirror seeing of large-aperture telescope

望远镜分辨率和集光能力与其口径成正比。随着人类对于望远镜分辨力要求的日渐严格,望远镜的镜面尺寸也在不断的增加。镜面尺寸的不断加大,使镜面视宁度变得越来越重要。镜面视宁度主要是指由于镜面表面的湍流所导致的像质下降。当镜面尺寸超过当地大气湍流尺度时,就不得不考虑这一因素对于成像或者加工的影响。系统的工作环境在一定程度上会影响镜面视宁度,所以镜面视宁度对于集成检测过程也有重要的意义。因此,为了提高镜面加工的面形精度,检测系统的集成效果,必须精确测量仪器的镜面视宁度,从而为其加工检测和应用集成提供判断。文中从原理、研究现状以及在镜面视宁度上的应用三个方面出发,阐述了一维检测(自准直仪法等)、二维检测(斜率/曲率法、全息波前传感法和剪切干涉法等)、三维检测(全息粒子测速法与温度场法等)。通过介绍面向不同场景与检测要求的检测方法,对镜面视宁度的检测具有很好的指导意义。

The resolution and light collection ability of telescope were directly proportional to its aperture. With the increasingly strict requirements of human beings for the resolution of telescopes, the size of telescope mirrors would be also increasing. With the increasing size of the mirror, the mirror seeing became more and more important. Mirror seeing mainly referred to the degradation of image quality caused by turbulence on the mirror surface. When the mirror size exceeded the local atmospheric turbulence scale, we had to consider the influence of this factor on imaging or processing. The working environment of the system would affect the mirror seeing to a certain extent, so the mirror seeing was also of great significance to the integrated detection process. Therefore,in order to improve the surface accuracy of mirror processing and the integration effect of the detection system, it was necessary to accurately measure the mirror seeing of the instrument, so as to provide judgment for its processing detection and application integration. In our work, one-dimensional detection(autocollimator method,etc.), two-dimensional detection(slope/curvature method, holographic wavefront sensing method and shearing interference method, etc.) and three-dimensional detection(holographic particle velocimetry and temperature field method, etc.) were described from three aspects: principle, research status and application in mirror seeing. By introducing the detection methods for different scenes and detection requirements, it had a good guiding significance for the detection of mirror seeing.