旗人总督锡良与清末四川新军编练——兼论新政时期锡良的民族主义

Xiliang and the Sichuan New Army in Late Qing Dynasty:A Concurrent Analysis of Xiliang’s Nationalism

在清末强化边疆控制、构建近代国家的时代背景下,锡良基于四川内忧外患严峻形势及其在西南边防中的重要战略地位,总督四川之初即将整军经武作为施政首要。锡良练兵思想与实践表现出鲜明的王朝观念和世界意识,前者构成练兵的根本动力,后者则构成影响练兵取向和成效的重要因素,反映了新政改革时期督抚民族主义的某些内容。尽管锡良四川练兵不遗余力且多有开拓性举措,然主要囿于财政竭蹶困境,最终仅勉强练成一混成协之数,不仅在数量上与原有构想存在巨大差距,并且存在经费不足、将官缺乏以及兵员来源与定章不符等诸多问题,成为新政时期改革理想难敌现实困境的典型一例。

Under the background of strengthening border control,building a modern nation,the internal and external severe situation of Sichuan and its important position in the construction of southwest frontier defense in the late Qing Dynasty,Xiliang attached great importance to military training in the early days of supervision of Sichuan and his thought and practice showed dynasty concept and world consciousness distinctly.The former constituted the fundamental motivation of his hard work in military training,while the latter affected his military training orientation.These two aspects reflected the basic trend of nationalism of Xiliang.Although Xiliang spared no effort in military training in Sichuan and took many pioneering measures,it was mainly limited by the financial collapse and finally only managed to form a mixed army.There was not only a huge gap compared with the expected number,but also a lot of deficiencies such as insufficient funds,lack of generals and the source of soldiers'inconsistence with the regulations.