论马克思对休谟正义论的超越

On Marx’s Transcendence of Hume’s Theory of Justice

正义是人类社会亘古不变的主题,休谟将正义置于人性中讨论,对正义的起源和规则进行了完整的论述,是代表资产阶级利益的补救性正义理论。马克思正义论贯彻历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义,在批判与继承中实现了对休谟正义论的根本超越。马克思肯定休谟正义论中资源相对贫乏和人性相对自私的论断,但否认资源匮乏与人性弊端的恒在性和正义根源于人性的论断,认为资源匮乏随着生产力发展得以解决,人性也会在历史的演进中被赋予新的内涵,正义则根源于失范社会制度带来的弊端。马克思主义正义论包括低阶和高阶两个阶段,低阶即为与现实社会相符的修正性正义论,高阶即为实现一切人自由而全面发展的超越性正义论,既包含了休谟正义论的现实性质,也具有面向未来的超越性质。

Hume put justice into the discussion of human nature and made a complete exposition of the origin and rules of justice,which is a remedial justice theory representing the interests of the bourgeoisie.Marx’s theory of justice implements historical materialism and dialectical materialism,and realizes the fundamental transcendence of Hume’s theory of justice in the process of criticism and inheritance.Marx affirmed Hume’s assertion of relative scarcity of resources and relative selfishness of human nature in his theory of justice,but denied the assertion that the permanence of scarcity of resources and the abuse of human nature is rooted in human nature and that the lack of resources can be solved with the development of productivity,and human nature will also be given new connotation in the evolution of history,while justice is rooted in the abuse brought about by the anomie social system.The Marxist theory of justice includes two stages:the low stage and the high stage.The low stage is the modified theory of justice that is consistent with the reality of society,and the high stage is the transcendental theory of justice that is developed in an all-round way to achieve the freedom of all people.It not only contains the realistic nature of Hume’s theory of justice,but also has the future oriented transcendental nature.