宋代能源经济发展述论

On the Energy Economic Development in Song Dynasty

传统能源经济肇始于先秦,随商品经济发展而不断发展,至宋代呈现完整业态和明显特征,形成了与农牧渔并重的基础性地位。宋代能源商品进一步丰富,价格遵循价值规律价值化波动;能源业专业化发展,制售更趋专业和细化,服务性行业在城镇出现并较快发展,形成了生产、销售、加工、服务的完整产业链,成为社会经济组成又一基础业态;能源专营市场、区域性集散商业中心形成,与遍布城镇村的商品市场共同构成了全国性能源市场体系;能源贸易繁荣发展,国家垄断经营、权贵特权经营、商人专业经营、百姓副业化经营等多种形态交织,交易深入街头巷尾,以至生活用燃料所需成为日常,极大便利了官民能源获取,保障了能源供需,促进了农民向城镇小工商业者转化和社会分工细化;能源贸易成为百姓获取生产生活资金的重要途径,能源经济成为国家财政收入的重要财源。

Traditional energy economy originated from the Pre-Qin Period, developed with the emergence and development of commodity economy, exhibited complete format and distinct feature in Song Dynasty, and formed the fundamental position equal to agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery. There was abundant supply of energy commodities in Song Dynasty, and prices fluctuated with the law of value. Energy industry professionally developed, manufacturing and selling became more professional and detailed, and service industry emerged and quickly developed, which formed a complete industrial chain of producing, selling, processing and offering services, and became a basic business type of socio-economic composition. The formation of energy monopoly market and regional distribution business center composed the national energy market system with commodity market all over towns and villages. Transaction forms made domestic fuel requirements daily including prosperity and development of energy trade, state monopoly, privileged management, businessman professional operation, people’s sideline operation and so on, facilitated the obtainment of official and civilian energy, ensured energy supply and demand, and promoted conversion to small town businessmen from farmers and detailed social division of labor. Energy trade became important ways of obtaining production and living funds, and energy economy became important financial resources of government revenue.