马克思对黑格尔国家观的变革及其理论效应

Marx's Transformation of the Hegelian View of the State and Its Theoretical Effects

黑格尔在其现代理性国家建构中,虽然强调以普遍性为根本原则,但并没有忽略主观自由的重要性。部分西方学者以此质疑马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中对黑格尔国家观的批判。要回应这种质疑,关键在于厘清马克思与黑格尔对国家普遍性的不同规定。黑格尔赋予国家神性基础,强调国家的普遍性源于客观意志,是自在和独立的普遍性。马克思则基于人民的立场提出国家的普遍性是人民类意志的客体化。对于如何将国家普遍性收回人民自身,马克思早期的解决措施经历了由真正的民主制到无产阶级革命的转变,这种转变与马克思对人民的普遍性由先验的逻辑设定到物质生产的现实证成有关。经历这种转变,马克思不仅揭示了国家取得独立性假象的物质根源,而且使普遍性生成的主体由精神转变为无产阶级,找到了通过无产阶级的物质生产和革命实践使普遍性回归人民的现实路径。

In Hegelian construction of the rational state,Hegel emphasizes universality as the fundamental principle but does not ignore the importance of subjective freedom.Some Western scholars have thus questioned Marx's critique of Hegel's view of the state in his Contribution to Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Law.To respond to this challenge,it is crucial to clarify the differences between Marx and Hegel on the universality of the state.Hegel gives the state a divine basis,emphasizing that the universality of the state originates from objective reason.Marx,on the other hand,based on the position of the people,proposes that the universality of the state is the objectification of the people's will.For how to retreat the universality of the state to the people themselves,Marx's early solution underwent a shift from true democracy to proletarian revolution,a shift related to Marx's logical setting of the universality of the people from a priori to the reality of material production.Through this transformation,Marx not only reveals the material roots of the illusion of independence gained by the state but also transforms the origin of universality from the spirit to the proletariat,finding out a realistic path to take back universality to the people through the material production and revolutionary practice of the proletariat.