Understanding the regulation of cereal grain filling:The way forward

During grain filling,starch and other nutrients accumulate in the endosperm;this directly determines grain yield and grain quality in crops such as rice(Oryza sativa),maize(Zea mays),and wheat(Triticum aestivum).Grain filling is a complex trait affected by both intrinsic and environmental factors,making it difficult to explore the underlying genetics,molecular regulation,and the application of these genes for breeding.With the development of powerful genetic and molecular techniques,much has been learned about the genes and molecular networks related to grain filling over the past decades.In this review,we highlight the key factors affecting grain filling,including both biological and abiotic factors.We then summarize the key genes controlling grain filling and their roles in this event,including regulators of sugar translocation and starch biosynthesis,phytohormone-related regulators,and other factors.Finally,we discuss how the current knowledge of valuable grain filling genes could be integrated with strategies for breeding cereal varieties with improved grain yield and quality.