共产主义观:继承、延续与统一——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》与《德意志意识形态》的比较研究

The View of Communism:Inheritance,Continuity and Unity——Based on a Comparison between The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and The German Ideology

国内学界有一种流行观点认为,《1844年经济学哲学手稿》和《德意志意识形态》之间形成了“人道主义”的共产主义与“科学”的共产主义的对立。这种观点是对马克思思想进程的一种曲解。事实上,《德意志意识形态》对未来社会观的新探索与《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的共产主义理论并非“截然不同”或“根本对立”,而是一脉相承的。《德意志意识形态》不仅继承了《1844年经济学哲学手稿》共产主义观的基本思想,揭示出实现共产主义的物质前提、现实力量以及现实途径,还延续了《1844年经济学哲学手稿》对未来社会观的表述方式,通过对异质的共产主义或社会主义思想的批判阐明共产主义理论。另外,《德意志意识形态》和《1844年经济学哲学手稿》均立足于唯物史观、人道主义的理论基础,阐发马克思主义的未来社会理论。准确地理解上述关系,有助于恢复《1844年经济学哲学手稿》共产主义观在马克思主义共产主义思想史上应有之历史地位,更加全面、透彻地领会马克思的共产主义理论。

Some Chinese scholars hold the view that there is a contradiction between “humanitarianism” communism and “scientific” communism as reflected in The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and The German Ideology.This view is a misinterpretation of Marx’s ideological process.In fact, the communist theory of The German Ideology and the future social outlook of The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 are not “completely different” or “fundamentally opposite”,but come down in one continuous line.The German Ideology not only inherits the basic idea of the future social outlook in The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,that is, to reveal the material premise, realistic power and realistic approach in the realization of communism, but also continues the expression of the future social outlook in The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,that is, to clarify the theory of communism by criticizing the heterogeneous communism or socialist ideology.In addition, two books are both based on the theoretical basis of historical materialism and humanitarianism, explaining the future social theory of Marxism.An accurate understanding of this relationship will help to restore the historical position of the communism view reflected in The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,and a more comprehensive and thorough understanding of Marx’s outlook on future society will be achieved.