公共采购国际规制的软法治理

Soft Law Governance in International Regulation of Public Procurement

全球供应链产业链的深度融合,在推动全球经济一体化的同时,也强化了人类命运共同体的意识与责任。公共采购的市场开放,既拉长和延展全球供应链产业链,也扩大和隐匿了经济链条上的各种经济和法律风险。公共采购的国际监管由此成为可能和必要。公共采购的国际监管,已经形成了以世界贸易组织下的《政府采购协定》为代表的硬法模式和以联合国国际贸易法委员会《公共采购示范法》为代表的软法模式。二者在共同提升公共采购透明度、非歧视性、廉洁性的同时,也展现了不同规制模式之间的竞争。硬法模式背后隐含的谈判成本与法律约束力,限制和制约了硬法模式的接受范围。软法模式蕴含的非约束性,具备降低谈判成本、适宜规范敏感事项、适宜应对不确定事务、促进广泛参与等独特价值,使得软法规制不仅是一种替代选择,甚至成为更优选择。新近十年公共采购的国际监管出现了软硬互动和共治的图景,为通过软法深化人类命运共同体的意识与责任提供了新的视角。

The deep integration of global supply chain and industrial chain not only promotes global economic integration,but also strengthens the consciousness and responsibility of a community with a shared future for humanity.The opening of public procurement market not only lengthens and extends the global industrial chain and supply chain,but also expands and conceals various economic and legal risks in the economic chain.International regulation of public procurement thus becomes possible and necessary.The international regulation of public procurement has formed a hard law model represented by the Government Procurement Agreement under the World Trade Organization and a soft law model represented by the Model Law on Public Procurement of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.These two models,while jointly promoting the transparency,non-discrimination,and integrity of public procurement,also show the competition between different regulatory models.The implicit negotiation cost and legal binding force behind the hard law model limit and restrict the acceptance scope of the hard law model.The soft law model contains the unique value of non-binding,reducing the cost of negotiation,suitable for regulating sensitive matters,suitable for dealing with uncertain matters,and promoting broad participation,which makes the soft law regulation model not only an alternative choice,but also a better choice.In the recent decade,the international regulation of public procurement has emerged the prospect of soft and hard law’s interaction and co-governance,which provides a new perspective for deepening the consciousness and responsibility of a community with a shared future for humanity through soft law.