淡水环境中微塑料的污染状况和毒理学特性

Pollution status and toxicological characteristics of microplastics in freshwater environment

微塑料作为一种新兴污染物,已引起了学术界的广泛关注。淡水环境是陆源微塑料转移至海洋的通道,同时也是微塑料污染重要的“汇”。与海洋环境相比,淡水环境更接近于微塑料污染水平最高的城市化地区,对人类的潜在影响更大。微塑料在淡水环境中的环境行为和毒性效应成为亟待解决的关键科学问题。系统梳理了淡水环境微塑料污染状况,重点聚焦于微塑料对淡水生物的毒理学特性。最后,针对目前的研究不足提出展望:(1)建立统一标准,完善微塑料采样技术,以便于各研究结果中微塑料丰度的比较;(2)野外调查与实验室模拟相结合,深入研究微塑料对淡水生物的毒理学特性;(3)加强微塑料与多种污染的复合毒性效应研究,探索微塑料与污染物的复合毒性效应和相互作用机制。

As emerging contaminants,microplastics have attracted extensive attention in academic circles.Freshwater environment is not only the channel for the microplastics transferring from land to ocean,but also an important“sink”of microplastics.Compared with the marine environment,the freshwater environment is closer to the urbanized area with the highest level of microplastic pollution,which has a greater potential impact on human beings.Therefore,the environmental behavior and toxic effects of microplastics in freshwater environments have become key scientific problems that need to be solved.This paper systematically reviewed the pollution characteristics of microplastics in the freshwater environment,focusing on the toxicological effects of microplastics on freshwater organisms.Finally,the research prospects were proposed:(1)the uniform standards for the microplastic sampling technology should be established and improved to facilitate the comparison of microplastic abundance in different researches.(2)The toxicological characteristics of microplastics to freshwater organisms should be further studied based on the field investigation and laboratory simulation test.(3)The research about the combined toxicity effects and interaction mechanism of microplastics and various pollutants should be strengthened.