近零能耗公共建筑示范工程全寿命期碳排放研究

Research on Life Cycle Carbon Emissions of Nearly Zero-energy Public Buildings

为了应对气候变化推动建筑领域节能减排,近零能耗建筑逐步从试点示范过度到规模化推广,由于用能需求的大幅下降和建筑用能结构的优化,近零能耗建筑的碳排放也较普通节能建筑大幅降低。本研究从建筑全寿命期角度出发,以我国10栋近零能耗公共建筑示范工程为研究对象,对其涵盖建材生产和运输、建造和拆除、建筑运行阶段的实际碳排放进行量化研究。结果显示:与基准建筑相比,近零能耗建筑建材生产阶段碳排放会小幅增加,但仍可减少运行阶段56.3%和全寿命期43.5%的碳排放,如果考虑光伏,则运行阶段与全寿命期碳排放可以分别进一步降低71.5%及56.7%;寒冷地区近零能耗建筑,其运行阶段碳排放在全寿命期碳排放的占比从普通节能建筑的78.0%降低至60.2%,与电网清洁化、低碳建材应用以及装配式建造相比,将现行建筑节能设计标准提升至近零能耗建筑指标要求可降低建筑全寿命期碳排放44.3%,全寿命期减碳贡献最大。综合考虑多种减碳技术措施综合使用,寒冷地区近零能耗建筑全寿命期碳排放可由51.7 kgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·a)降低至16.1 kgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·a)。

To cope with climate change and promote energy efficiency and emission reduction in the building sector, nearly zero-energy buildings have gradually transitioned from pilot demonstration to large-scale promotion. Due to the sharp drop in energy demand and the optimization of building energy structure, the carbon emissions of nearly zero-energy buildings are also significantly lower than that of ordinary energy-efficient buildings. From the perspective of the whole life cycle of buildings, this study took 10 typical nearly zero-energy public buildings in China as the research objects and conducted quantitative research on the actual carbon emissions covering production and transportation of building materials, construction and demolition, and building operation. The results show that, compared with the benchmark building, the carbon emissions in the production phase of building materials of nearly zero-energy consumption buildings increase slightly, but the carbon emission is still reduced by 56.3% in the operation stage and 43.5% in the whole life cycle. If PV is considered, the carbon emissions in the operation stage and the whole life cycle can be reduced by 71.5% and 56.7% respectively. For nearly zero-energy buildings in cold regions, the proportion of carbon emissions during the operation stage in the life-cycle carbon emissions is reduced from 78.0% of ordinary energy-efficient buildings to 60.2%. Compared with grid cleaning, low-carbon building materials application, and prefabricated construction, raising the current building energy-efficient design standards to nearly zero-energy building will reduce the building’s life-cycle carbon emissions by 44.3%, with the largest contribution to life-cycle emissions reductions. Taking into account the comprehensive use of various carbon reduction technology measures, the carbon emission in the cold area can be reduced from 51.7 kgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·a) in the benchmark building to 16.1 kgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·a).