中国风:“chinoiserie”的历史与衍义

Chinoiserie:Its History and Variations

法语词“chinoiserie”,1823年为法国哲学家夏尔·傅立叶所新造,被用为贬义词;在19世纪30年代,它被广泛使用,意指“中国风尚”或“中国物或其仿制品”,随后被收入词典,也被艺术史家所关注与使用。1880年左右,“chinoiserie”进入英语与德语,主要被用为“中国物或其仿制品”,偶尔也被用为“中国风尚”。1922年,“chinoiserie”始被艺术史家加以专门研究,新获“中国风格”意义,但随后德国、英国与美国的艺术史家还是或将其用为“中国风尚”,或用为“中国物或其仿制品”。至1961年,艺术史家休·昂纳专门研究“chinoiserie”的开山之作出版,其意义得以基本确定,后又经奥利弗·英庇的进一步拓展、玛德琳·贾里与道·雅各布森的巩固而被最终确定,即一般用为“中国风格”,少数情况下也被用为“仿制的中国物”。

The French word "chinoiserie",coined by French philosopher Charles Fourier in 1823,was first used as a derogatory term;in the 1830s,the word,widely used with the meaning "Chinese fashion" or "Chinese objects or their imitations",was included in dictionary and also attracted the attention of art historians to use it.In around 1880, "chinoiserie" was introduced into English and German,mainly used as "Chinese objects or their imitations" and occasionally as "Chinese fashion".In 1922,the word began to be studied by art historians and gained a new meaning: "Chinese style";but art historians in Germany,Britain and the United States still used its original meaning.In 1961,a pioneering work specializing in the study of "chinoiserie" published by art historian Hugh Honour made its definition clear.Later,the definition was determined by Oliver Impey,Madeleine Jarry and Dawn Jacobson:mainly used as "Chinese style",and in a few cases used as "imitations of Chinese objects".