有医无派:明清湖北医学的社会文化解读

There Were Many Physicians but No Medical Schools:A Socio-Cultural Interpretation of Medicine in Hubei during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期,与江南相比,湖北医学呈现“有名医、无医派”的现象,反映出社会经济、文化依然是影响地方医学发展的重要因素。就湖北区域内部而言,经济与文化发展的不均衡,使得湖北医学资源呈现出“东、中部强,西部弱”的格局。湖北医者多以血亲为纽带传承医学,但封闭性的家族内传,既会遭遇失传的困境,更无法造就宗师级现象。鉴于此,一批医者通过刊行医著来扩大医名、延续学脉,因湖北出版业发展相对缓慢,故出版私修医书的渠道与资源不及江南地区,多需要名人效应与资金赞助的加持。以《本草纲目》、万氏医学丛书为代表的湖北医著有着“术”显于“道”的特点,凭借实用价值获得名气,走出了一条与江南医学截然不同的道路。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, compared with Jiangnan region(the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), medicine in Hubei region showed the phenomenon of“there were famous physicians but no medical schools”, reflecting the fact that socio-economic and cultural factors were still important in the development of local medicine. Within the Hubei region, the imbalance between economic and cultural development had led to a pattern of “strong in the east and central parts of the region, but weak in the west”in terms of medical resources. Physicians in Hubei mostly passed on medicine through relatives system, but the closed family inheritance could lead to both the plight of lost medical skills and the inability to create a master-level phenomenon. In view of this, some of them published medical books to expand their medical reputation and extend their academic study. As the development of the publishing industry in Hubei was relatively slow, the channels and resources for publishing private medical books were not as good as those in Jiangnan region, and the celebrity effect and financial support were mostly needed. The medical books of Hubei, represented by the Bencao gangmu(Systematic Materia Medica)and the series of medical Books by Wan Quan had the characteristic of “Shu”(the skills)being more prominent than “Tao”(the theories), and had gained fame by virtue of their practical value, taking a very different path from that of medicine in Jiangnan.