论日本宪法学说史的问题意识及其研究状况

The History of Constitutional Jurisprudence in Japan:Research Issues and Current Status

在日本宪法学史上,宪法解释学的传统较为深厚,是贯通战前与战后宪法学研究的基本线索,是形成连贯的宪法学史的一个未曾断裂的主线。但是,在基于明治宪法典的宪法解释学的繁荣背后,表现出的是宪法学研究对当时日本社会的历史遗绪、政治气氛、学术自主的避畏或消极态度。战后,在逐渐摆脱官僚制宪法学或绝对主义国家观支配的宪法学印迹的过程中,“作为社会科学的宪法学”的萌芽被发现,并成为贯通日本宪法学说史的另一个线索。但由于宪法解释学的技术性主导、昭和宪法正当性论证贫瘠,以及“思想碎片化”等思想史构造上的原因,日本宪法学始终缺乏对自身学说史的整体性反思。这种状况延续至战后宪法学研究,形成了一种观念退隐的倾向。日本宪法学研究日益社会科学化和实证化的同时,关于宪法与其社会历史条件、思想结构之间的关系状况的学说史、思想史研究仍有待从整体性视角的方面加以推进。

In the history of Japanese constitutional jurisprudence,constitutional hermeneutics is a relatively deep-rooted tradition,a fundamental thread running through pre-war and post-war constitutional studies,and canbe regarded as an unbroken line helping form a coherent history of constitutionalism.However,behind the flourishing of constitutional hermeneutics based on the Meiji Constitution,there was a fearful or passive attitude of constitutional studies towards the historical legacy,political climate,and academic autonomy in the Japanese society at the time.During the post-war period,in the process of moving away from the imprint of constitutional jurisprudence dominated by bureaucratic constitutionalism or an absolutist view of the state,the germ of“constitutional jurisprudence as a social science”began to emerge,and became another thread running through the history of Japanese constitutional jurisprudence.However,due to the technical dominance of constitutional hermeneutics,the paucity of arguments for the legitimacy of the Showa Constitution,and the“fragmentation of ideas”,Japanese constitutional jurisprudencewas not able to reflect on its own doctrinal history as a whole.This situationcontinued into the post-war period,when constitutional studiestended to recede into a conceptual retreat.While the Japanese constitutional studieshave become increasingly close to a social and empirical science,the study of the doctrinal and intellectual history of the relationship between the constitutionand its socio-historical conditions and ideological structures still has to be advanced from a holistic perspective.