西周春秋时期诸侯军制考论

On the Local Armed Forces in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring-autumn Period

西周时期诸侯国军队属于地方武装力量。在前期,大的诸侯方有一师的武装力量,很难对中央王朝构成威胁。到后期,军队编制改“师”为“军”,王六军,元侯有三军,中小诸侯也依次有二军和一军。命卿是中央王朝试图有效控制地方武装的重要举措,但金文中并未见到周王为诸侯命卿并令其统率军队的记载,推测这项制度实行时间不会太长,到春秋时期已经名存实亡。司马是军队中一个完整的职官系统,除中央的大司马外,诸侯和大夫也分别有国司马和家司马。不过,各级司马只对本级的行政首长负责,对下级司马并无直接的统属权限,其主要职责是负责军队的训练和日常军务管理。

The local armed forces in the Western Zhou Dynasty mainly refer to the princes.In the early period,the big princes had a division of armed forces,which could hardly pose a threat to the central dynasty.In the latter period,the army structure was changed from"division"to"army".The king had six armies,while the first-class princes had three armies,and the middle and small princes had two armies and one army in turn.Appointment of Secretary of State is an important measure of the central dynasty in its attempt to effectively control local armed forces.However,there is no record in the bronze inscription that the king appointed Secretary of State for the princes and authorized him to lead the army.