瓶装饮料制造企业工人噪声暴露及高频听力损失关系分析

High-frequency hearing loss of noise-exposure workers in bottled beverage manufacturing enterprises

目的调查珠三角某市瓶装饮料制造企业生产线工人噪声暴露情况,分析高频听力损失的影响因素。方法选择该市7家瓶装饮料制造企业中接噪工龄≥1年的569名工人为研究对象,调查工人的噪声暴露情况、累积噪声暴露量(cumulative noise exposure,CNE)和高频听力损失(high-frequency hearing loss,HFHL)检出情况,用二元logistic回归模型分析不同个体特征和职业特征对接噪工人HFHL的影响。结果该市瓶装饮料制造企业生产线噪声声级为72.3~96.7 dB(A),38.49%岗位噪声水平超过国家职业卫生标准限值,工人HFHL双耳高频听力损失为109人,检出率为19.16%,高频听力损失组工人(n=109)的接噪声级、CNE、接噪工龄、年龄均高于听力正常组(n=460)(P<0.01)。存在噪声危害的岗位主要有包装岗位、灌装岗位、配料投料岗位、吹瓶岗位,灌装岗位、吹瓶岗位工人的接噪声级、累积噪声暴露量(CNE)均高于其他岗位工人(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄每增加1岁、CNE每增加1 dB(A)·年,工人发生HFHL的风险风别增加至原来的1.034、1.444倍(P<0.05);相比没有设置防护设施,有设置防护设施的工人发生HFHL的风险减少至原来的0.074倍(P<0.05);相比从不佩戴护耳器,偶尔、经常佩戴护耳器的工人发生HFHL的风险减少至原来的0.357、0.254倍(P<0.05)。结论灌装工和吹瓶工是瓶装饮料制造业的高危岗位,吹瓶工更甚。应采取提高生产工艺的自动化程度,降低工人的接噪时间,监督工人做好护耳器的佩戴,加强吹瓶岗位的防噪管理,以确保接噪工人不发生HFHL。

Objective To investigate the noise exposure level of workers in the production line of bottled beverage manufacturing enterprises in a city in the Pearl River Delta,and analyze the influencing factors of high-frequency hearing loss.Methods Totally 569 workers with at least 1 year of occupational noise exposure time in 7 bottled beverage manufacturing enterprises were studied;the noise exposure level,cumulative noise exposure(CNE),and high-frequency hearing loss(HFHL)of these workers were investigated.The effects of individual and/or occupational characteristics on the HFHL of noise-exposure workers were analyzed with a binary logistic regression model.Results The noise exposure level ranged from 72.3 to 96.7 dB(A),with 38.49%of the operation posts exceeding the national exposure limit.exposure limit.There were 109 workers with HFHL diagnosed,with prevalence of 19.16%.Obviously,the workers with HFHL(n=109)were older and had a higher noise level,a higher CNE,and a longer noise exposure time compared with the other workers without HFHL(n=460;P<0.01).The most affected workers worked at posts with a high noise level,such as packaging,filling,batching and feeding,and bottle-blowing posts,while the noise level and cumulative noise exposure(CNE)of workers working at filling and bottle-blowing posts were highest(P<0.05).The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of noise-exposure workers’HFHL increased by 1.034 and 1.444 times(P<0.05)for an age increase of 1 year and a CNE increase of 1 d B(A)per year,respectively.Compared with workers working at posts without protective facilities,the risk of HFHL for workers working at posts with protective facilities decreased to 0.074times(P<0.05);compared with workers never wearing ear protectors,the risk of HFHL for workers occasionally and often wearing ear protectors was reduced to 0.357 and 0.254 times,respectively(P<0.05).Conclusions The risk of a noise hazard at filling and bottle-blowing posts was high in the bottled beverage manufacturing industry.The measures,such as improving the automation of this production process,reducing workers’noise exposure time,and ensuring workers wear ear protectors,should be taken,and the hearing protection program for the workers working in the posts with high noise levels should be strengthened,in order to protect workers exposed to noise against the occurrence of HFHL.