从自然山水到意象山水——论中国“山水意象”的发生与发展逻辑

From Natural Landscape to Image Landscape:On the Logic of the Occurrence and Development of Landscape Image in China

自古以来,山水就是中国人生命中的独特意象。当山水从精神上的可怖对象转换为能够给人类提供实用功能的地理性标识时,这变化本身所体现的山水文化意识便具有了双重色彩,一面隐性地植根于中国人的血脉之中,另一面以不同的形式外显于生活中。自魏晋以降,山水的实用叙事地位被象征审美功能所取代。“道统”美学的构建推进了象征山水在中国画中的主导地位,“道”成为了画家竞相追逐的意蕴。近现代以来,中国传统文化审美格局开始崩裂,救亡图存、家国情怀与新中国叙事逐渐融入山水意象的表达范畴。进入21世纪,直观展现新时代中国形象、中国声音、中国精神、中国力量和中国智慧的叙事山水成为了描绘时代画卷的典型意象。山水意象的千年审美变迁也是中国历史和时代变迁的缩影。

Since ancient times,landscape has been the unique image of Chinese life.When the landscape is transformed from a spiritual object of terror to a geographical sign that can provide practical functions for human beings,the landscape cultural consciousness embodied by the change itself has a dual color.On the one hand,it is implicitly rooted in the blood of the Chinese people,and on the other hand,it is exposed in life in different forms.Since the Wei and Jin dynasties,the practical narrative position of landscape has been replaced by the symbolic aesthetic function.The construction of"orthodox"aesthetics has promoted the dominant position of symbolic landscape in Chinese painting,and"Tao"has become the meaning pursued by painters.Since modern times,the aesthetic pattern of China's traditional culture has begun to collapse,and the expression of the landscape image has gradually been integrated into the national salvation,the feelings of family and the new China narrative.In the 21st century,the narrative landscape that intuitively displays the image of China in the new era,the voice of China,the spirit of China,the strength of China and the wisdom of China has become a typical image of the era.The thousand year’s aesthetic changes of landscape images are also the epitome of the changes of Chinese history and times.