海洋生物多样性养护国际法规制的碎片化:现实成因、法律困境与解决路径

Fragmentation of the Regulation of International Law on Marine Biodiversity Conservation:Causes,Legal Dilemmas and Solutions

目前涉及海洋生物多样性养护的国际法规制呈现明显的碎片化特征,主要表现在相关国际法律文件缺乏统一性与联系性、养护主体多元且分别独立运作、各种养护对象相互割裂三个方面。相关国际法规制碎片化的现实成因包括海洋生物多样性养护问题的复杂性和交叉性、《海洋法公约》的时代局限性以及现有机制间的合作与协调效果不佳。国际法规制的碎片化导致了框架性公约的适用范围争议、部分规则与原则的解释与适用存在较大主观性,不利于海洋环境整体目标的实现和争端解决,还会影响BBNJ国际造法新进程。为了应对国际法规制的碎片化困境,应建立有效的国际法律协调机制,促进国际合作,明确《海洋法公约》和《生物多样性公约》的适用范围,并在《海洋法公约》框架下完善ABNJ生物多样性养护机制。

The international laws and regulations related to the conservation of marine biodiversity currently show an obvious fragmentation characteristic,which is demonstrated in three aspects:the lack of unity and connection of the relevant international legal documents,diversified and independently operated conservation subjects,and various separated conservation objects.It derives from the complexity and intersectionality of marine biodiversity conservation issues,historical limitations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)and unsatisfactory cooperation and coordination among the existing conservation mechanisms.The fragmentation leads to disputes over the application scope of framework conventions,divergences in the interpretation and application of treaties,thus appearing to undermine the intergrated conservation objectives of marine biodiversity and dispute settlement,and is also likely to affect the new international law-making process of the Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction(BBNJ)in the future.In order to deal with the fragmented dilemmas,it is necessary to establish an effective international legal coordination mechanism,strengthen the relevant international cooperation,clarify the application scope of the UNCLOS and the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),and improve biodiversity conservation mechanisms in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction(ABNJ)under the framework of the UNCLOS.