《联合国海洋法公约》第74条和第83条“公平解决”下的划界方法:价值取向与规则演进

The Method of Maritime Delimitation under the“Equitable Solution”of Articles 74 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:Value Orientation and Rule Evolution

《联合国海洋法公约》并未给予公平原则或等距离线方法之任一方法以优先性,而是采用了“公平解决”这一笼统规定。受《联合国海洋法公约》“公平解决”规定的影响,国际法院一度将公平结果作为划界规则的核心,这导致了海洋划界法律的高度灵活性。之后,法律开始朝着确定性方向转变,公平原则/相关情况规则和等距离/特殊情况规则出现融合,而等距离/相关情况规则由此产生。在增加了比例检验这一步骤后,海洋划界三阶段方法正式确立。然而,海洋划界仍存在的诸多问题,如国际司法机构和仲裁机构的越权以及海洋划界三阶段方法的主观性,很可能会直接影响争端的公平解决。

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not give precedence to either the “equitable principle” or the “equidistance rule”,but rather adopts the general provision of “equitable solution”. The shifting relationship and paradigm between equity and maritime delimitation law represents an evolutionary stage in maritime delimitation jurisprudence. Influenced by the equitable solution of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the International Court of Justice at one time placed equitable results at the core of its delimitation rules, resulting in a highly flexible delimitation law. Later, the law began to shift towards certainty, with a fusion of the “equitable principle/relevant circumstances rule” and the “equidistance/special circumstances rule”, which gave rise to the “equidistance/relevant circumstances rule”. With the addition of the proportionality test, the three-stage approach to maritime boundary delimitation was established. However, there are still many problems with maritime delimitation, the ultra vires of international judicial bodies and the subjective nature of the three-stage maritime delimitation approach, which will directly affect the“equitable solution”of maritime delimitation disputes.