从"天下"到国家:清代的边界与边疆治理

FROMI"TIANXIA"TO THE NATION:BOUNDARY AND BORDERAREA GOVERNANCEOFQING DYNASTY

在"天下"体系中,中央对边疆一直延续着一种忧患意识,这一意识无形中建构了中央与边疆的"区隔".伴随着清代天下观的转变,这种区隔转变为一种融合.边疆在空间划分上呈现出从界线模糊到边界清晰的特征,在治理上呈现出从拱卫中央、维护统治到维护"国家主权完整"目标的转移,清代从而完成从"天下"到近代"国家"的转变,其边疆治理呈现出陆海兼顾的企图以及维护国家主权的倾向.在清代面临边疆危机的同时,中国边疆的近代化历程也由此展开,这一历程始终伴随着根植其中的"大一统"理念,并作为中华民族的黏合剂发挥重要作用.

In the"tianxia"ssystem,the central government has always maintained a suffering consciousness towards the border area,which has virtually constructed the"separation"between the central government and the frontier.Along with the transformation of the view of the world in the Qing Dynasty,this separation turned into a fusion.The border area showed the characteristics from fuzzy boundary to clear boundary in space division,and a shift in governance objective from defending the central government and maintaining the rule,to maintaining the"integrity of national sovereignty",the Qing Dynasty thus completed the transformation from"the world"to"nation"in modern times,its border governance appeared an attempt to balance land and sea and a tendency to safeguard national sovereignty.While the Qing Dynasty was facing the border crisis,the modernization process of China's border also began.This process had always been accompanied by the concept of"Great Unity"rooted in it,and played an important role as the adhesive of the Chinese nation.