心理学对经济学的涉入——从理性自利到社会偏好的决策框架

The Involvement of Psychology in Economics:A Decision-making Framework from Rational Self-interest to Social Preference

理性认知能力与社会偏好存在紧密的关联。文章简要回顾了经济决策理论从理性模型到有限理性模型和社会偏好模型的发展进程,论述了人们理性的局限性及其根源,并进一步探讨理性认知能力与社会偏好的关系。对人类以及灵长目动物的研究显示,有限理性可能是由根源于演化的适应性机制所导致。人类不公平厌恶的起源、个体公平能力的发展规律和表征公平的大脑结构上的证据表明,理性认知能力能让人更好地抑制自私性,实现更高层次的公平。

Rational cognitive ability and social preference are closely related.This article provides a brief overview of the evolution of economic decision theory from the rational decision-making model to the bounded rationality model and the social preference model,discusses the limitations of people's rationality and their underlying causes,and investigates the correlation between rational cognitive ability and social preference.Using mathematical logic,early economists developed axiomatic models of rational decision-making based on the"rational man hypothesis".However,the expected utility theory resulting from simple preference axioms is not particularly accurate,and people's decisions do not necessarily comply with the"rational man hypothesis".Psychological evidence indicates that individuals have limited rationality and are not entirely self-centered.Research on humans and primates suggests that limited rationality may result from adaptive mechanisms rooted in evolution.Evidence regarding the origins of human aversion to unfairness,the developmental patterns of individual fairness capacity,and the brain structurethat characterizes fairness suggests that rational cognitive abilities enable individuals to suppress selfishness better and attain higher levels of fairness.