情势变更制度中再交涉义务研究——以法经济学为分析视角

The Obligation of Renegotiation in the System of Change of Circumstances——From the Perspective of Law and Economics

我国《民法典》第533条在情势变更制度中引入了再交涉义务,但其具体内容十分单薄,易导致在司法实践中适用困难。再交涉义务是否具有正当性是理论界争议的肇端,争锋焦点集中在再交涉义务的性质和构成要件两个方面。无效率的民法规则会导致交易成本提高,以法经济学的视角论证再交涉义务的正当化理据、构成要件、适用障碍,并就此提出完善建议,将开辟一条新的研究路径。再交涉义务是情势变更制度中不可或缺的一环,再交涉义务的引入可以有效提高纠纷解决的效率,降低社会总成本。应当将再交涉义务定性为合同双方的法定行为义务,明确再交涉义务的履行时限、中止履行抗辩权以及相应不利后果等,细化再交涉义务规则,更好地兼顾公正与效率。

Article 533 of the Civil Code of the people's Republic of China has very few provisions on the obligation of renegotiation,which is not easy to be applied in judicial practice.Inefficient civil law rules will lead to the increase of transaction costs.To analyze the legitimacy,elements,obstacles,interpretation and improvement of renegotiation obligation from the perspective of law and economics will open up a new approach.The obligation of renegotiation is an indispensable part of the rule of change of circumstances.Its introduction can effectively improve the efficiency of dispute resolution and reduce the total social cost.It is suggested that the obligation of renegotiation be defined as the legal obligation of both parties in the contract—the time limit for its performance,the right of defense to suspend the performance and the corresponding adverse consequences.The rules of the obligation should be refined to better balance justice and efficiency.