乌克兰和哈萨克斯坦族群政策的比较研究

A Comparative Study of the Ethnic Policies in Ukraine and Kazakhstan

族群政策是国家建构主体民族的重要内容。文章分析了乌克兰和哈萨克斯坦两个国家建构主体民族的过程,比较两国的族群政策、制定政策的政治框架和族群政策的运行流程。研究发现乌克兰的族群政策在建构主体民族时加深了族群间的对立,使得民族性取代了国民性,引发了国内的分裂;而哈萨克斯坦的族群政策则是在预防族群对立的基础上建构主体民族,运用国民性主动调和族群间矛盾,成功完成了主体民族的构造。对比证明,两国族群政策最大的差别在于政治权力处理民族主义的方式:乌克兰的权力斗争激发了主体民族的意识,削弱了国家整体意识和国家能力;而哈萨克斯坦将政治问题和族群问题分离开,使两者之间不能彼此利用,最终强化了国家意识和能力。未来乌克兰将承受族群对立之殇,族群问题将成为国家发展道路上的绊脚石,而哈萨克斯坦政权的合法性虽会经受一定程度的考验,但是民族和谐的全民共识为国家的稳定提供了政治保障。

The ethnic policy is an important part in the nation building of the main ethnicity.This paper analyzed the process of the national construction of the main ethnicity in Ukraine and Kazakhstan by comparing their respective ethnic policies,political frameworks of making ethnic policies and operation of ethnic policies.It found that Ukraine aggravated the domestic inter-ethnic confrontation in the process of implementing its ethnic policies,to the effect that ethnicity replaces nationality,which triggers its internal national fragmentation.In Kazakhstan,however,completed the construction of the principal nationality on the basis of the prevention of ethnic conflicts---exploiting national character to actively reconcile ethnic conflicts.The biggest difference between the two countries is the way that politics deals with nationalism.Ukraine's power struggle inspired the consciousness of main people while weakened the national consciousness and national capacity.Kazakhstan separated the political problems from the ethnic problems,and thus ultimately strengthened the national consciousness and national capacity.