古代神灵巫鬼的面部表情:湘西土家族傩面具的造型特征与纹样解密

The Facial Expressions of Ancient Spirits,Witches and Ghosts:The Modeling Features and Patterns of Nuo Masks in Western Hunan Tujia People

湘西土家族地区自古就是“信巫尚鬼”之地,很早就有傩戏分布,产生时间可追溯到战国时期的《九歌》时代。面具是土家族傩戏表演过程中最主要的表现形式,同时也是傩戏中一种以改变人的相貌为主的化妆手段,它不仅具有土家族原始宗教意识和文化特征,而且反映了土家族傩戏的形象内涵。在土家族傩戏、傩神戏、傩堂戏以及杠菩萨、还傩愿等祭祀仪式中,面具具有活跃的艺术生命力。从土家族傩戏面具制作工艺与造型来看,已经赋予着浓郁的巫文化原型观念;从纹样理路来看,具有明显的土家族传统傩神图像和动物图腾图像,隐喻了土家族人对人畜兴旺、五谷丰登、降妖除魔、长命富贵等美好生活的憧憬,它承载了土家族人丰富的生命哲学。

Tujia area in western Hunan has been a place of "believing in witchcraft and advocating ghosts" since ancient times.Nuo Opera has been distributed for a long time,and its generation time can be traced back to the time of Nine Songs" in the Warring States Period.Mask is the most important form of Nuo opera in the course of the performance,and it is also a kind of cosmetic means to change people's appearance in Nuo opera.It not only has the primitive religious consciousness and cultural characteristics of Tujia Nuo opera,but also enriches the Nuo opera's image connotation.In the sacrificial rites of Tujia ethnic group,such as nuo opera,nuo Shen Opera,nuo Tang opera,Kong Bodhisattva,and Huan Yuan,masks have acquired active artistic vitality.The mask of nuo opera of the Tujia ethnic group has been endowed with the archetypal concept of witchcraft culture from the perspective of its production technique and shape,and it has left obvious images of the traditional Nuo God and animal totems of Tujia people from the point of patterns,which is a metaphor of the Tujia People's longing for a better life,such as the prosperity of people and animals,the prosperity of crops,the suppression of evil spirits,longevity and wealth,and it carries the rich life philosophy of Tujia people.