从佃户到稍户:晚清民国浙东地区的公产稍租与管理

From Tenant to"Shao":"Shao"-Lease and Management of Public Property in the Late Qing Dynasty And Republic of China in East Zhejiang

“稍”作为一种民间习惯,在明中后期就已在浙东地区出现。浙东稍租制即是以绍东地区为中心,向邻县辐射的一种以预缴租金为前提的土地租佃现象,且具有很强的地域性。稍票就是佃户在承租时向业主所立下的承佃文书;稍户执照则是承稍官地者向县衙缴税的凭证,且与地方公产存留有关。本文以预租制为切入点,并结合中国契约文书博物馆所藏稍租文书,具体探讨“茔稍”与“学稍”等稍租类型,并试图厘清稍租与地方公产租佃之间的关系。脱胎于预租制中的稍租,实则是作为一种规避风险的租佃形式而存在,并逐渐成为田主融资的重要方式之一。

As a folk custom,"Shao"(稍)appeared in East Zhejiang in the late Ming Dynasty.The"Shao"-Lease system in East Zhejiang was a kind of land tenancy with the premise of rent prepayment,centering on the east Shaoxing and spreading to neighboring counties,and was very regional.“Shao”-ticket,the tenant's undertaking document to the owner when renting.The license,which is a payment proof of taxes to the county office,related to the retention of local public property.This paper takes the Pre-Lease system as a starting point,and discusses the"Yingshao"(茔稍)and"Xueshao"(学稍)which documents collected by the China Contract Documents Museum.In addition,it attempts to clarify the relationship between the tenancy of local public property and"Shao"-Lease system."Shao"-Lease,which was born out of the pre-lease system,actually exists as a form of risk-averse tenancy and has gradually become an important source of financing for landlords.