抽象正义观批判:基于马克思的正义立场

Criticism of Abstract Justice from Marxist Stance of Justice

罗尔斯借助原初地位设定、无知之幕遮蔽以及反思平衡的方法,认为理性自利的个体能够摒弃各自的特殊性、或然性及趋向性,客观地选择出一种为人们接受的正义原则,并且这种正义原则并没有社会制度类型的特殊限定。然而,在马克思政治经济学批判的理论框架内,正义是由特定社会形态的生产关系所决定的,并不存在普遍有效的正义观念,能够适用于多个社会发展阶段的正义原则是虚妄不实的。马克思反对基于绝对主义立场设定的“超验”正义观念,分析派马克思主义也没有脱离这一窠臼,他们都没有认识到正义观念仅仅具有服务于特定历史阶段的工具性价值。

By means of fixing the original position,the veil of ignorance,and reflective equilibrium,John Rawls thinks reasonable and self-centered citizens can sacrifice their own particularity,probability,and tendency to objectively choose a principle of justice acceptable to all,and that such a principle of justice is free from the special restrictions of types of social system.However,in the theoretical framework of Marxist critique of political economy,justice is forged by the productive relationship of a specific social formation;there is no universally effective conception of justice and a principle of justice adaptable to multiple social development stages is illusive.Marx is against the transcendental conception of justice that is rooted in absolutism.The Analytical Marxism does not break away from this conception and fail to understand that the idea of justice has only the instrumental value to serve a certain historical stage.