中国植物药“物种标准化”范式的历史考察

Historical investigation on paradigm of "species standardization" of Chinese herbal medicine

范式可以概括为科学共同体成员在共同的社会历史阶段接受了共同的教育、训练和熏陶,他们具有共同的研究目标、学术观点、概念、术语等并遵循相同的方法论原则。我国植物药“物种标准化”范式经历了名物未作规范时期(战国末期),传统本草学多维度考证范式时期(战国末期—20世纪30年代)以及现代植物分类学系统考证范式时期(20世纪30年代至今)3个历史时期。传统本草学多维度考证范式是从药名、药物形态、颜色、气味、质地、生长环境、功效以及药材形性特征等为主的多维度考察,以自然属性分类以及名物对应的习惯,在不同地域、不同年代间进行的“物种”考证,以寻求名实间的对应。传统物种标准化的努力进程都是以人的实用性为目的,缺乏从植物自身出发去系统研究符合其规律的分类与命名原则,致使其考证结果不够精准。现代植物分类学考证范式其实就是本草考证,其特点是基于历代文献中关于药物原植物形态、采收季节、产地分布、生态习性、名称、药物功效等资料,运用植物分类学知识进行考证,以确认药物的物种并以双名法进行学名标定。这一范式结合了传统本草学知识与现代植物分类学知识,物种考证的结果精确。

The paradigm can be summarized as the same methodological principles followed by the members of the learning community who received common education, training, and edification in the common social and historical stage, and had common academic views, concepts, and terms. The "species standardization" paradigm of botanical drugs in China has experienced the period of non-standardization of names(the end of the Warring States period), the period of multi-dimensional textual research paradigm of traditional materia medica(from the end of the Warring States period to 1930s), and periods of modern plant taxonomy system research paradigm(from 1930s to the present). The multi-dimensional textual research paradigm of traditional materia medica is characterized by the textual research of species in different regions and years based on the classification of the natural attributes and the habit of correspondence between names and materials, from the multi-dimensional investigation of the name, appearance, color, smell, texture, growth environment, efficacy, and morphological characteristics of medicinal materials, to find the correspondence between names and materials. The purpose of the progress in traditional species standardization is practicality for humans, and there is a lack of systematic research on the classification and naming principles in line with its laws from the plant itself, resulting in inaccurate research results. The research paradigm of modern plant taxonomy is herbal research. The characteristics of this paradigm are using plant taxonomy knowledge to conduct textual research to confirm the species of the drug and calibrate the scientific name by the double name method, based on the plant morphology, harvest season, origin distribution, ecological habits, names, drug efficacy, and other data in the lite-rature of previous dynasties. This paradigm combines the knowledge of traditional materia medica and modern plant taxonomy, and the results of species research are accurate.