生态环境影响评价的抗辩效力——基于125件生态环境侵权案件的多维分析

The Defense Effect of Ecological Environmental Impact Assessment--Based on the Multi-dimensional Analysis of 125 Ecological Environmental Infringement

随着生态文明法治建设的持续推进,生态环境影响评价的规范效力从公法层面拓展至私法层面、从行政执法延伸至司法审判。“经过环评”“获得环评许可”等成为生态环境侵权诉讼中被告对抗原告诉讼请求的高频抗辩理由。针对生态环境影响评价的抗辩效力在学界尚存争议的现实,通过对2010年至今涉及“生态环境影响评价”为抗辩事由的125件生态环境侵权案件的梳理分析可知,生态环境影响评价不仅在公法层面发挥着规范生态环境利用行为、保障生态环境保护管理、突进生态文明建设进程的作用,而且在私法层面也开始发挥法律效力。但其在侵权责任层面的抗辩效力尚处于探索阶段,目前在司法实践中法官对此抗辩效力的肯认概率还相对较低。法治应以现实为基,充分回应现实,为此在明确生态环境影响评价标准的功能定位和抗辩效力的基础上,要以规划环评和建设项目环评这两种生态环境影响评价类型为对象,从实体规范和程序运行两方面,落实生态环境影响评价在生态环境侵权诉讼中的抗辩效力。

With the continuous advancement of the rule of law in ecological civilization,the normative effect of ecological environmental impact assessment has expanded from the public law level to the private law level,from administrative law enforcement to judicial trial.'After the EIA'and'obtaining the EIA permit'have become the high-frequency defenses of the defendant against the plaintiff's claims in the ecological environment infringement litigation.In view of the fact that the defense effectiveness of ecological environment impact assessment is still controversial in the academic circle,through the analysis of 125 cases of ecological environment infringement involving'ecological environment impact assessment'since 2010,it can be seen that ecological environment impact assessment not only plays a role in regulating the use of ecological environment,ensuring the management of ecological environment protection and advancing the process of ecological civilization construction at the level of public law,but also begins to play a legal role at the level of private law.However,its defense effectiveness at the level of tort liability is still in the exploratory stage.At present,in judicial practice,the probability of judges'recognition of this defense effectiveness is still relatively low.The rule of law should be based on reality and fully respond to reality.Therefore,on the basis of clarifying the functional orientation and defense effectiveness of ecological environmental impact assessment standards,we should take the two types of ecological environmental impact assessment,namely,planning environmental impact assessment and construction project environmental impact assessment,as the object,and implement the defense effectiveness of ecological environmental impact assessment in ecological environmental tort litigation from the aspects of entity norms and procedure operation.