《考工记》“营国”制度的新认识

New Understanding on the“Ying Guo”System in The Artificers’Record

自汉之后,学者对《考工记》“匠人营国”一节文字的含义颇多歧见与争议。这很大程度上是由东汉经学家郑司农辑录、郑玄注释的严重错误所导致。汉武帝时少府考工官依据西周遗文编选而成的《考工记》,约在两汉之交散佚。郑司农把《考工记》佚文及不属于《考工记》的“营国”佚文合并增入《周礼》后,“营国”制度受到郑玄等历代学者的错误解读。“营国”的对象不是郑玄所指的周王城,而是指西周时代的诸侯大国。“國”字是西周中期分封制度定型时创制并用作诸侯国专称的。“建国”的含义等同于“封国”,“营国”即指在分封的诸侯国内进行城郭、食邑等营造活动。城“方九里、旁三门”的含义不是指方形城的边长九里、每边三门,而是指城墙的周长九里、城门三张。“九里之城”与“百里之国”“三里之宫”结合,构成西周时期诸侯大国地域、都城、宫殿三层次的礼制格局和尺度。西周王城的周长为“方十二里”。“营国”制度不是传统认识上的周王城规划,而是西周王朝为诸侯大国制定的国土空间规划,可称之为“周诸侯国规划模式”。这种规划模式的思想与原则,能够反映西周时代中国国土空间规划设计所达到的科学与艺术高度。东汉之后,已经异化的“营国”思想,对北魏洛阳、隋唐长安与洛阳等中国古代王朝(政权)都城的规划建设产生重大影响。

There have been many disagreements and controversies about the meaning of“Jiang Ren Ying Guo”(匠人营国)in The Artificers'Record(《考工记》)after the Han period.To a great extent,it is caused by serious mistakes made by Zheng Sinong(郑司农)and Zheng Xuan(郑玄)that were Confucian scholars in the Eastern Han dynasty.Based on the extant records of the Western Zhou period,The Arificers'Record was compiled by the Kaogong officers(考工官)of Shaofu(少府)under the reign of Emperor Wu in the Western Han dynasty.This book was scattered and lost in the transition period of the Western Han Dynas-ty and the Eastern Han Dynasty.In the Eastern Han dynasty,Zheng Sinong recombined pieces of The Artif-cers'Record and the incomplete records of“Ying Guo”which was not included in original The Arificers’Record into The Rite of Zhou(《周礼》).Therefore,Zheng Xuan and other scholars essentially misinterpreted the records of“Ying Guo”.This paper discusses the object of“Ying Guo"was not the capital of Zhou that Zheng Xuan supposed but the major vassal states in the Westerm Zhou period.With the formulation of the en-feoffment system,Guo(國)was created in the middle age of the Western Zhou and served as the name of the vassal states.Jian Guo(建国)that meant the establishment of the enfeoffment was same as Feng Guo(封国),and Ying Guo(营国)signified the urban construction of vassal states.This paper reveals city was“方九里、旁三门”meant that the perimeter of city wall was 9 Li(里)with three gates in all,which was not the 9 Li in length with three gates in each side.The city of 9 Li in length combined with the country of 100 Li in length and the palace of 3 Li in length,all of which constituted the three aspects of ritual pattern and scale that respectively represented the range of major vassal states,capital and palaceduring the Western Zhou pe-riod,while the perimeter of the King City(周王城)wall was about 12 Li at that time.In consequence,The Ying Guo system was not formulated for the urban planning of the King City in the traditional understand-ing,but for the spatial planning for the major vassal states,which could be regarded as the design patterns of the vassal states that reflects the scientific and artistic standard of spatial planning in the western Zhou peri-od.After the Eastern Han dynasty,the entirely different thought of Ying Guo had great influence on the capi-tals’urban planning and construction in ancient China,such as Luoyang in the Northern Wei dynasty,Chang'an and Luoyang in the Sui and Tang dynasties.