重构地图:对早期地图发展历程的思考

Remodeling Maps:Reflections on the Development History of Early Maps

在《地图学史》第1卷《史前、古代、中世纪欧洲和地中海的地图学史》中,丛书主编J.B.哈利和戴维·伍德沃德对地图提出了新的定义,不仅拓宽了“地图”的范围,而且拓展了“地图学史”研究的领域,从而为这套丛书的撰写奠定了基础,进而影响了世界地图学史的研究趋势。如果将这一定义以及定义背后的认知应用于中国古代地图研究的话,那么同样将会拓展这一领域的研究内容,并最终从根本上改变研究的面貌。不仅如此,本卷结合人类学、考古学和认知论的理论与方法,对地图的起源提出了新的认知,且确定了一定数量的史前地图;而对于古代和中世纪欧洲和地中海地区的地图,则基于对存世地图的全面搜集,以及与文本材料和历史背景的结合,尽可能复原了这一时期不同区域地图的种类和绘制特点,破除了一些长期存在的常识性错误。上述这些具体的研究方法、学术视角与相关结论,同样非常值得中国学者借鉴,这样,不仅会对一些老问题得出新的认知,而且将会真正使得古地图成为一种“新史料”,最终古地图和地图学史的研究对象将不再仅仅是古地图本身。

In the Cartography in Prehistoric,Ancient,and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean,the first volume of The History of Cartography,J.B.Hahey and David Woodward proposed new definition of the maps.They not only broaden the scope of“maps”,but also expands the research fields on“history of cartography”,laying the foundation for the writing of the series and reversing the research trend of the history of cartography.If this definition and its cognition were applied to the research of ancient Chinese maps,the research contents will be expanded subsequently and the features of map research will ultimately be fundamentally changed.Furthermore,theories and methods of anthropology,archaeology and epistemology were combined in the book to put forward the new understanding of the origin of maps and confirmexact number of prehistoric maps.As for the maps of antique and medieval Europewiththe Mediterranean,the authors of this book comprehensively collect the extant maps,and researches on the types and drawing characteristics of maps in different regions during this period by combining text materials with historical background,which eliminates few long-standing and basic mistakes.The above-mentioned specific research methods,perspectives and relevant conclusions in this book are awfully worthy for reference to Chinese scholars,who will acquire new knowledge on old issues and take ancient maps as kinds of“new historical data”indeed.Ultimately,the research on ancient maps and history of cartography will no longer be a study of ancient maps inherently.