欧洲文艺复兴时期与中国明清时期地图学史三题

Three Issues on History of Cartography during European Renaissance as well as the Ming and Qing Dynasties

戴维·伍德沃德主编的《地图学史》第3卷《欧洲文艺复兴时期的地图学史》对欧洲文艺复兴时期地图的定义、发展模式、转型模式、社会背景、科学性、社会功能,以及地图在当时欧洲知识体系中的位置等问题进行了讨论,并分地区对南欧、德意志地区、低地国家、法国、英格兰、爱尔兰、苏格兰、斯堪的纳维亚、东-中欧、俄罗斯等地的地图学史进行了叙述。该卷所展现的文艺复兴时期欧洲地图学面貌,对比同时代的中国明清时期地图学状况,可以发现地图所呈现的地理知识的形成与层次、地图绘制与使用的群体和制图技术发展的不同步性等值得关注的问题。

Many topics have been discussed in Cartography in the European Renaissance edited by David Woodward,which is the third volume of The History of Cartography such as the definition,the patterns of development and transition,the social backgrounds and functions,the scientific nature,and the status of maps within the European knowledge system during European Renaissance.Moreover,the author has elaborated the history of cartography in multiple regions according to the geographic classification,like Southern Europe,German,Benelux,France,England,Scotland,Ireland,Scandinavia,East-central Europe and Russia.Based on translation,this paper compares the history of cartography in the European Renaissance with the history of cartography in Ming and Qing Dynasties.Moreover,it discusses three issues that were reflected in these maps:the formation and level of geographic knowledge,the institutions of maps’drawing and utilization,and the asynchrony at the development of cartographic technique.