数据法与民法的制度基础比勘

Comparison of the Institutional Foundations of Data Law and Civil Law

对照考察数据法和民法的制度基础可见,二者虽然在形式上因《民法典》的宣示性规定可以合为一体,在精神实质上却存在明显的分离。数据法之数据客体不同于民法上的物、知识产品、网络虚拟财产,偏离了民法的逻辑起点;数据权利无法归类于单一民事权利,是多主体分享的权利束;数据关系时常突破合同相对性,偏离传统合同构造,其中的“同意”并非意思表示,数据侵权不适用传统侵权的归责原则、构成要件与责任方式。

A comparative inspection of the institutional foundations of data law and civil law reveals that they are consistent in wording because of the nature of declarative provisions in The Civil Code,but essentially distinct in spirit.Firstly,different from physical objects,knowledge products and network virtual property defined in civil law data objects deviate from the primary logic of defining objects in civil law.Secondly,Data rights cannot be classified as a certain type of civil rights,but are a bundle of rights shared by multiple subjects.Thirdly,data relationships often break through the usual relativity of contracts and deviate from their traditional structure,in which “consent” is not an expression of intent,and data infringement does not apply to the attribution principles,constitutive requirements,and manner of liability in traditional infringement.